At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (61 page)

52.
Torrey, ed.,
Thoreau Writings
, III, 340.

53.
Farley’s Bristol Journal
, Feb. 18, 1769; Ward,
London Spy
, III, 48–49; Aileen Riberio,
Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789
(New Haven, 2002), 85.

54.
OBP
, July 9–11, 1740, 174; Joseph Lawson,
Letters to the Young on Progress in Pudsey during the Last Sixty Years
(Stanningley, Eng., 1887), 33; Torriano,
Proverbi
, 170.

55.
Hadrianus Junius,
The Nomenclator .
. . (London, 1585), 160–161;
OED
, s.v. “great-coat”; John Owen,
Travels into Different Parts of Europe, in the Years 1791 and 1792
... (London, 1796), II, 81; Tobias Smollett,
The Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves
(London, 1762), 239; Daniel Defoe,
The Life of ... Robinson Crusoe
(London, 1729), 180; Henry Swinburne,
Travels in the Two Sicilies ...
(London, 1783), II, 308; Jonas Hanway,
An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea ...
(London, 1753), II, 336; Riberio,
Dress
, 22–24, 30–31, 87.

56.
W. Hooper, ed.,
Letters of Baron Bielfeld
... (London, 1768), IV, 166;
OED
, s.v. “night-kerchief,” “mob”; Tilley,
Proverbs in England
, 296; John Owen,
Travels into Different Parts of Europe, in the Years 1791 and 1792
... (London, 1796), II, 81; Apr. 24, 25, 1665, Pepys,
Diary
, VI, 89; F. Pomey and A. Lovell,
Indiculus Universalis; or, the Universe in Epitome
... (London, 1679), 68; Riberio,
Dress
, 49.

57.
Thomas Burke,
English Night-Life: From Norman Curfew to Present Black-Out
(New York, 1971), 54; Andrew Henderson, ed.,
Scottish Proverbs
(Edinburgh, 1832), 69;
OBP
, Oct. 4, 1719, 6; Cohens,
Italy
, 49.

58.
Torrington,
Diaries
, III, 290.

59.
Nov. 28, 1785, Woodforde,
Diary
, II, 216; James Peller Malcolm,
Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century
... (London, 1810), I, 145. See also July 30, 1755, Parkman,
Diary
, 293.

60.
LC
, Aug. 18, 1785.

61.
Varro,
On the Latin Language
, trans. Roland G. Kent (Cambridge, Mass., 1957), I, 177–179; Censorinus,
De Die Natale
, trans. William Maude (New York, 1900), 40; Henry Hibbert,
Syntagma Theologicum
... (London, 1662), 30.

62.
Augustin Gallo,
Secrets de la Vraye Agriculture
... (Paris, 1572), 213; Leonard Lawrence,
A Small Treatise betwixt Arnalte and Lucenda
(London, 1639), 7; Nina Gockerell, “Telling Time without a Clock,” in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds.,
The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650
(New York, 1980), 137. This chronology is constructed from reading numerous primary sources.

63.
Ralph Knevet,
Rhodon and Iris
... (London, 1631);
OED
, s.v. “hen and chickens,” “seven stars”; Weinsberg,
Diary
, I, 59; Gockerell, “Telling Time,” 137.

64.
Barber, “Traveller,” 42; Crusius,
Nocte
, ch. 3.12; Shakespeare,
Hamlet
, I, 2, 198;
The Rape of Lucrece
, 113–119.

65.
OBP
, Oct. 12, 1737, 205; M. D’Archenholz,
A Picture of England
... (London, 1789), II, 79; Ménétra,
Journal
, 195–196.

66.
SWP
, I, 99; Shakespeare
,
Hamlet
, I, 1, 143; Bourne,
Antiquitates Vulgares
, 38; Alan Gailey, “The Bonfire in North Irish Tradition,”
Folklore
88 (1977), 18; Crusius,
Nocte
, ch. 3.36.

67.
William Howitt,
The Boy’s Country Book
(London, n.d.), 196; Bourne,
Antiquitates Vulgares
, 87, 84, passim; Francis Grose,
A Provincial Glossary
(1787; rpt. ed., Menston, Eng., 1968), 3, 2. See also James Dawson Burn,
The Autobiography of a Beggar Boy
, ed. David Vincent (London, 1978), 67; Bartholomäus Sastrow et al.,
Social Germany in Luther’s Time: Being the Memoirs of Bartholomew Sastrow
, trans. H.A.L. Fisher (Westminster, Eng., 1902), 291.

68.
Lynn Doyle,
An Ulster Childhood
(London, 1926), 61; Charles Jackson, ed.,
The Diary of Abraham De la Pryme, the Yorkshire Antiquary
(Durham, Eng., 1870), 39. See also
Life and Struggles of William Lovett .
. . (London, 1876), 11.

69.
OBP
, Jan. 16–20, 1752, 48; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 63; Oct. 27, 1771, Basil Cozens-Hardy, ed.,
The Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–1788
(London, 1950), 132; Richard Cobb,
Paris and Its Provinces, 1792–1802
(New York, 1975), 45; Paul Zumthor,
Daily Life in Rembrandt’s Holland
(New York, 1963), 249; James Lackington,
Memoirs of the First Forty-Five Years
... (London, 1792), 34.

70.
June 23, 1745, Lewis, Diary, 184; “Journal of P. Oliver, 1776–1810,” Egerton Mss. 2672, I, fo. 68, BL; Diary of John Leake, 1713, Rawlinson Mss., D. 428, fo. 37, Bodl.; F. Platter,
Journal
, 36.

71.
Taillepied,
Ghosts
, 78; Moryson,
Itinerary
, IV, 294;
Early Prose and Poetical Works of John Taylor the Water Poet
(
1580–1653
) (London, 1888), 156;
Letters from Minorca .
. . (Dublin, 1782), 213; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 24.

72.
Clare Williams, ed.,
Thomas Platter’s Travels in England, 1599
(London, 1937), 150; Sept. 19, 1662, Pepys,
Diary
, III, 201; Paolo Da Certaldo,
Libro di Buoni Costumi
, ed. Alfredo Schiaffini (Florence, 1945), 14;
OBP
, Oct. 17–19, 1749, 163; Mrs. Grant,
Essays on the Superstitions of the Highlanders of Scotland
... (New York, [1831?]), I, 121; Jackson, ed.,
De la Pryme Diary
, 71; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 215.

73.
Yves-Marie Bercé,
History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France
, trans. Amanda Whitmore (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990), 278; Diary of James Scudamore, ca. 1710, Hereford City Library, Eng.; Feb. 13, 14, 1667, Pepys,
Diary
, VIII, 60, 62; Lawrence F. Stone,
The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800
(New York, 1977), 94.

74.
Nov. 18, 1762, Frederick A. Pottle, ed.,
Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763
(New York, 1950), 43. See also Dec. 17, 1769, Woodforde,
Diary
, I, 95.

75.
Brian Hill,
Observations and Remarks in a Journey through Sicily and Calabria
(London, 1792), 49; Journal of Twisden Bradbourn, 1693–1967, 1698, 103, Miscellaneous English Manuscripts c. 206, Bodl. “The aspersion of Holy Water,” wrote Noël Taillepied, is “a sure protection against the malice and attacks of evil spirits” (
Ghosts
, 174).

76.
Grose,
Provincial Glossary
, 70; R. D. Oliver Heslop, comp.,
Northumberland Words
... (London, 1894), I, 204; Brand 1848, III, 15; Muchembled,
Popular Culture
, trans. Cochrane, 84–85; Enid Porter,
Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore
(New York, 1969), 62; Paul-Yves Sébillot,
Le Folklore de la Bretagne
... (Paris, 1968), II, 132; Jean Delumeau,
La Peur en Occident, XIVe-XVIIIe Siècles: Une Cité Assiégée
(Paris, 1978), 92; William Dillon Piersen,
Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England
(Amherst, Mass., 1988), 85.

77.
Faber, ed.,
Gay Works
, 81; Rousseau,
Emile
, trans. Bloom, 148; John Burnap, July 10, 1766, Assi 45/28/2/97c. See also Thomas Hardy,
The Trumpet-Major
... (1912; rpt. edn., New York, 1984), 274.

78.
Remarks 1717, 175; Watson, ed.,
Men and Times
, 115; Bernard Mandeville,
An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at Tyburn
, ed. Malvin R. Zirker, Jr. (Los Angeles, 1964), 10; Muchembled,
Violence
, 65, 120–121.

79.
Schindler,
Rebellion
, 223; Muchembled,
Violence
, 120–123, 259; William Mowfitt, Aug. 14, 1647, Assi 45/2/1/229; T. Platter,
Journal
, 197; Pinkerton,
Travels
, I, 224; Milly Harrison and O.M. Royston, comps.,
How They Lived
... (Oxford, 1965), II, 253;
OBP
, May 2–5, 1739, 73; Rousseau,
Emile
, trans. Bloom, 138.

80.
Anna Brzozowska-Krajka,
Polish Traditional Folklore: The Magic of Time
(Boulder, Colo., 1998), 63; Sébillot,
Folklore de la Bretagne
, II, 162;
Autobiography of the Blessed Mother Anne of Saint Bartholomew
(St. Louis, 1916), 15; Casey, ed.,
Jean Paul
, trans. Casey, 339; F. Platter,
Journal
, 104.

81.
Abel Boyer,
Dictionaire Royal
... (Amsterdam, 1719); Paul Monroe,
Thomas Platter and the Educational Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century
(New York, 1904), 161, 107; Dietz,
Surgeon
, 110–111. See also Stephen Bradwell,
A Watch-Man for the Pest
... (London, 1625), 39.

82.
Llewellynn Jewitt, ed.,
The Life of William Hutton
... (London, 1872), 159; Bräker,
Life
, 58; David Pulsifer, ed.,
Records of the Colony of New Plymouth in New England
(Boston, 1861), XI, 106; Dec. 13, 1765, Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle, eds.,
Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica, and France, 1765–1766
(New York, 1955), 232.

83.
Feb. 7, 1704, Cowper, Diary.

84.
Jan. 29, 1735, Clegg,
Diary
, I, 217; June 14, 1757, Turner,
Diary
, 100.

85.
SWP
, II, 560–561; Oct. 28, 1833, McGrath, ed.,
O’Sullivan Diary
, III, 247.

PART THREE

PRELUDE

1.
L. E. Kastner, ed.,
The Poetical Works of William Drummond of Hawthornden .
. . (New York, 1968), I, 46.

2.
Flaherty,
Privacy
, 94; David Levine and Keith Wrightson,
The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham, 1560–1765
(Oxford, 1991), 280.

3.
Penry Williams,
The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603
(Oxford, 1995), 515; G. R. Quaife,
Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives: Peasants and Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth Century England
(London, 1979), 180–181.

4.
Gottfried Von Bulow, ed., “Diary of the Journey of Philip Julius, Duke of Stettin-Pomerania, through England in the Year 1602,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, New Ser., 6 (1892), 65.

5.
Oct. 16, 1773, Frederick A. Pottle and Charles H. Bennett, eds.
Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL.D., 1773
(New York, 1961), 312;
A View of London and Westminster
... (London, 1725), 5–6.

6.
Mar. 27, 1782, Sanger,
Diary
, 409; Yves Castan, “Politics and Private Life,” in
HPL
III, 49; Lorna Weatherill,
Consumer Behavior and Material Culture in Britain, 1660–1760
(London, 1988), 76–77, 80, 88, 168.

7.
“B,”
Westminster Magazine
8 (1780), 16. See also Georg Christoph Lichtenberg,
Aphorisms
, ed. R. J. Hollingdale (London, 1990), 44–45; Lena Cowen Orlin, ed.,
Elizabethan Households: An Anthology
(Washington, D.C., 1995), 119–120;
SAS
, II, 311.

8.
Norman Egbert McClure, ed.,
The Letters of John Chamberlain
(Philadelphia, 1939), I, 283; May 17, 1709, PL 27/2;
OBP
, Apr. 28–May 3, 1742, 77;
SAS
, II, 311; Levine and Wrightson,
Making of an Industrial Society
, 281; Roger Thompson, “‘Holy Watchfulness’ and Communal Conformism: The Functions of Defamation in Early New England Communities,”
New England Quarterly
56 (1983), 513.

9.
John Aubrey,
Miscellanies upon Various Subjects
(London, 1857), 215;
British Magazine
, 2 (1747), 441; Alexandre Wolowski,
La Vie Quotidienne en Pologne au XVIIe Siècle
(Paris, 1972), 184; Breton,
Works
, II, 11.

10.
Kathleen Elizabeth Stuart, “The Boundaries of Honor: ‘Dishonorable People’ in Augsburg, 1500–1800” (Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ., 1993), 26, 38–40; Jütte,
Poverty
, 164; Ruth Mellinkoff,
Outcasts: Signs of Otherness in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages
(Berkeley, Calif., 1993), 43–47, 184–190; Raffaella Sarti,
Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800
, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 207–211.

11.
Weekly Rehearsal
(Boston), Apr. 24, 1732; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 288–289; Mellinkoff,
Outcasts
, 188–193.