B005HFI0X2 EBOK (57 page)

3.
Angus Maddison,
The World Economy: A Millenial Perspective
(Paris: OECD Publishing, 2001), 28.

4.
Gregory Clark, “Human Capital, Fertility and the Industrial Revolution,”
Journal of the European Economic Association
3, nos. 2/3 (April–May 2005): 505–15.

5.
Smith,
The Wealth of Nations
, 172.

6.
David Hosack,
Memoir of De Witt Clinton
(New York: J. Seymour, 1829), 347, quoted in Susan Dunn,
Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison, and the Decline of Virginia
(New York: Basic Books, 2007), 91.

7.
Dunn,
Dominion of Memories
, 90.

8.
Jonathan Hughes and Louis P. Cain,
American Economic History
, 5th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1998), 143.

9.
Carl Carmer,
The Hudson
, 2nd ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1989), 162.

10.
Frances Trollope,
Domestic Manners of the Americans
, ed. Donald Smalley (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949 [originally published in 1832]), 369, quoted in Ronald E. Shaw,
Canals for a Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790–1860
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990), 184.

11.
Harriet Martineau,
Retrospect of Western Travel
, vol. 1 (New York: Saunders & Otley, 1838), 77, quoted in Shaw,
Canals for a Nation
, 183.

12.
Hughes and Cain,
American Economic History
, 143.

13.
George E. Pataki and Louis R. Tomson, “The Erie Canal: A Brief History,” New York State Canal Corporation, www.canals.ny.gov/cculture/history/erie-canal-history.pdf (accessed September 27, 2011).

14.
“The Erie Canal: A Brief History,” Web site of the state of New York, http://www.canals.ny.gov/cculture/history/ (accessed December 8, 2011).

15.
Carter Goodrich,
Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads
,
1800–1890
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), 34–35.

16.
Robert J. Kapsch,
The Potomac Canal: George Washington and the Waterway West
(Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2007), 229.

17.
Washington to David Stuart, December 2, 1788, in
The Writings of George Washington
, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1931–1944), 30:146.

18.
Washington to Marquis de Lafayette, January 29, 1789, in Glenn A. Phelps,
George Washington and American Constitutionalism
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 64.

19.
Washington, quoted in Frank Bourgin,
The Great Challenge: The Myth of Laissez-Faire in the Early Republic
(New York: George Braziller, 1989), 149.

20.
John Kaminski, ed.,
A Necessary Evil: Slavery and the Debate over the Constitution
(Madison, WI: Madison House Publishers, 1995), 277.

21.
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz,
Under Their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels Through America in 1797–1799
(Elizabeth, New Jersey: Grassman, 1965 [first published in 1805]), quoted in Martin Bruegel, “Unrest: Manorial Society and the Market in the Hudson Valley, 1780–1850,”
Journal of American History
82, no. 4 (March 1996): 1410–11.

22.
Bruegel, “Unrest,” 1399.

23.
Ibid.

24.
Ibid., 1407.

25.
David Maldwyn Ellis,
Landlords in the Hudson-Mohawk Region
,
1790–1859
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1946), p. 32.

26.
Eric Ford, “New York’s Anti-Rent War, 1845–1846,”
Contemporary Review
280, no. 1637 (June 2002): 366–69.

27.
John Jay,
The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay
, ed. Henry P. Johnston (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1891), 3:97.

28.
Margaret C. Christman,
Adventurous Pursuits: Americans and the China Trade, 1784–1844
(Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984).

29.
Ibid., 18–19.

30.
Alfred Tamarin and Shirley Glubok,
Voyaging to Cathay: Americans in the China Trade
(New York: Viking Press, 1976).

31.
Jacques M. Downs, “American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800–1840,”
Business History Review
42, no. 4 (Winter 1968): 439.

32.
Quoted in Charles C. Stelle, “American Trade in Opium to China, Prior to 1820,”
Pacific Historical Review
, 9, no. 4 (December 1940): 425–44.

33.
Downs, “American Merchants and the China Opium Trade,” 438.

34.
Ibid., 442.

35.
Karl E. Meyer, “The Opium War’s Secret History,”
New York Times
, June 28, 1997.

36.
John King Fairbank,
Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854
, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953).

37.
Girard to Mahlon Hutchinson Jr. and Myles McLeveen, January 2, 1805, Stephen Girard Papers, Girard College Library, Philadelphia, PA, quoted in Downs, “American Merchants and the China Opium Trade,” 418–42.

38.
David S. Miller, “The
Polly
: A Perspective on Merchant Stephen Girard,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
112, no. 2 (April 1988): 201.

39.
Wright and Cowen,
Financial Founding Fathers
, 150–51.

40.
George Wilson,
Stephen Girard: America’s First Tycoon
(Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1995), 303.

41.
Miller, “The
Polly
,” 201.

42.
“Slave Cells Exhumed,”
New York Daily Tribune
, October 21, 1906.

43.
John Upton Terrell,
Furs by Astor
(New York: William Morrow, 1964), 93.

44.
Ibid., 130.

45.
Axel Madsen,
John Jacob Astor: America’s First Multimillionaire
(New York: Wiley, 2001), 196.

46.
Terrell,
Furs by Astor
, 404–5.

47.
Quoted in Eric Jay Dolin,
Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic Story of the Fur Trade in America
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 268–69.

48.
Madsen,
John Jacob Astor
, 197.

49.
Quoted in Madsen,
John Jacob Astor
, 200.

50.
Ian Frazier,
Great Plains
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989), 23.

51.
Terrell,
Furs by Astor
, 299.

52.
22nd Cong., 1st sess., 1832, S. doc 90, quoted in Arthur D. Howden Smith,
John Jacob Astor: Landlord of New York
(New York: Cosimo, 2005), 222.

53.
Eric Jay Dolin,
Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 168.

54.
Quoted in Dolin,
Leviathan
, 248–49.

55.
Dolin,
Leviathan
, 336.

56.
Ibid., 339.

57.
Ibid., 362.

58.
Ibid., 335.

59.
See Drew R. McCoy,
The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).

60.
Joseph A. Schumpeter,
History of Economic Analysis
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), 571.

CHAPTER 4: “THERE IS NOTHING THAT CANNOT BE PRODUCED BY MACHINERY”: THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1.
Erasmus Darwin,
The Botanic Garden
(1781), pt. 1, canto 1, ll. 289–92.
The Botanic Garden, with Philosophical Notes
, 4th ed. (London: J. Johnson, 1799).

2.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Young American” (1844), in
Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson
, vol. 1, ed. Robert Spiller (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 230.

3.
Alex Roberto Hybel,
Made by the USA: The International System
(New York: Palgrave, 2001), 15.

4.
“Samuel Slater,” PBS Who Made America? Series, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/slater_hi.html (accessed December 8, 2011).

5.
Douglas A. Irwin and Peter Temin, “The Antebellum Tariff on Cotton Textiles Revisited,”
Journal of Economic History
61, no. 3 (September 2001).

6.
Nathan Rosenberg,
Perspectives on Technology
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 176.

7.
“Cyrus McCormick: Mechanical Reaper,” MIT Inventor of the Week Archive, http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mccormick.html (accessed December 8, 2011).

8.
“John Deere History,”
RunGreen.com
, http://www.rungreen.com/John-Deere-History_ep_38-1.html (accessed December 8, 2011).

9.
Robert H. Gudmestad, “Steamboats and Southern Economic Development,” in
Technology, Innovation, and Southern Industrialization: From the Antebellum Era to the Computer Age
, ed. Susanna Delfino and Michele Gillespie (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2008), 30, table 1, “Average Steamboat Freight Rates in the Louisville to New Orleans Trade.”

10.
T. J. Stiles, “Cornelius Vanderbilt,”
New York Times Online
, http://topics .nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/v/cornelius_vanderbilt/index.html (accessed December 8, 2011).

11.
Quoted in Mary Bellis, “Steam in Captivity: Oliver Evans Fights for His Patent,”
About.com
, http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/oliver_evans.htm (accessed September 27, 2011).

12.
Mary Bellis, “Steam in Captivity.”

13.
Nathan Rosenberg,
Technology and American Economic Growth
(New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 73.

14.
Mary Bellis, “John Stevens and Railroads,”
About.com Inventors
, http://inventors.about.com/library/inventor/bl_john_stephens.htm (accessed December 13, 2011).

15.
John F. Stover,
American Railroads
, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 13.

16.
Jonathan Hughes and Louis P. Cain,
American Economic History
, 5th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1998), 151.

17.
Ibid.

18.
Mary Bellis, “The History of the Electric Telegraph and Telegraphy,”
About.com Inventors
, http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/telegraph.htm (accessed December 8, 2011).

19.
Bruce L. R. Smith,
American Science Policy Since World War II
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1990), 25.

20.
David A. Hounshell,
From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
(Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 26.

21.
Ibid., 27.

22.
Ibid., 192–93.

23.
Quoted in Hugo Meier, “Technology and Democracy, 1800–1860,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
43 (1957): 622; Nathan Rosenberg,
Technology and American Economic Growth
, pt. 2 (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 33.

24.
Rosenberg,
Technology and American Economic Growth
, 35.

25.
John M. Murrin et al.,
Liberty, Equality, Power
, 4th ed. (Boston: Wadsworth, 2008), 370.

CHAPTER 5: AMERICAN SYSTEMS

1.
Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(New York: Random House, 1937 [originally published in 1776]), 309.

2.
Simon Patten,
The Economic Basis of Protection
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1890), 87.

3.
John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Free Trade,”
Economic History Review
6, no. 1 (1953): 1–15.

4.
Ha-Joon Chang,
Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism
(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), 53.

5.
Cobden,
Political Writings
, 1:150; cited in Reinert, “Raw Materials in the History of Economic Policy,” 292, and Chang,
Bad Samaritans
, 23, 165n45.

6.
Quoted in Robert Gilpin
, War and Change in World Politics
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 137.

7.
John Adams,
Works of John Adams
, ed. Charles F. Adams (Boston: Little, Brown, 1850–1856), 10:384; cited in Alfred E. Eckes Jr.,
Opening America’s Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 19.

8.
Victor S. Clark,
History of Manufactures in the United States, 1607–1860
(Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute, 1916), 240.

9.
Smith,
The Wealth of Nations
, 347–48.

10.
Alexander Hamilton, “The Report on the Subject of Manufactures,” December 5, 1791, in
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
, ed. Syrett et al. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 10:263.

11.
Heather Cox Richardson,
The Greatest Nation on Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 19.

12.
Henry C. Carey, “How Can Slavery Be Extinguished?” in
The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign: Why It Exists and How It Might Be Extinguished
(Philadelphia: A. Hart, Late Carey & Hart, 1853), 294–307.