B005HFI0X2 EBOK (59 page)

13.
Ibid., 138.

14.
Hummel, “The Civil War and Reconstruction,” 195.

15.
Luraghi,
The Rise and Fall of the Plantation South
, 118–19.

16.
Quoted in Robert V. Bruce,
Lincoln and the Tools of War
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1956), 140.

17.
David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 432.

18.
Ibid., 431.

19.
William Henry Herndon and Jesse William Weik,
Herndon’s Life of Lincoln
, ed. Paul M. Angle (Cleveland: World, 1942), 478.

20.
Abraham Lincoln, “Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society” (speech, Milwaukee, September 30, 1859), http://showcase.netins .net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/fair.htm (accessed December 6, 2011).

21.
Kevin Phillips,
The Cousins Wars
(New York: Basic Books, 1999), 458.

22.
Herndon and Weik,
Herndon’s Life of Lincoln
, 413.

23.
Quoted in Lord Charnwood (Godfrey Rathbone Benson),
Abraham Lincoln
(Garden City, NY: Henry Holt and Company, 1917), p. 65–66.

24.
Quoted in Allen Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
(Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999), 384.

25.
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, ed. Don Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 37.

26.
Edgar DeWitt Jones,
The Influence of Henry Clay upon Abraham Lincoln
(Lexington, KY: Henry Clay Memorial Foundation, 1952), 33–34.

27.
Ibid., 36.

28.
The
New York Times
is cited in Heather Cox Richardson,
The Greatest Nation on Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 94; the Indiana Democratic state committee is quoted in Allen C. Guelzo, “Mr. Lincoln’s Economics Primer,” National Review Online, February 12, 2011 (accessed December 15, 2011).

29.
Guelzo,
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President
, 170.

30.
Leonard P. Curry,
Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress
(Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 116.

31.
Ibid., 246–247.

32.
Phillips,
The Cousins Wars
, 449.

33.
Richard Franklin Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan:
The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 252.

34.
Abraham Lincoln,
The Writings of Abraham Lincoln
(Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books, 2008), 5:84.

35.
M. R. Eiselen,
The Rise of Pennsylvania Protectionism
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932), 7; cited in Paul Bairoch,
Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 33.

36.
Basler,
Lincoln
, vol. 1, 313.

37.
Gabor Borit, “Old Wine into New Bottles: Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff Reconsidered,”
The Historian
28, no. 2 (1966): 309.

38.
Reinhard H. Luthin, “Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff,”
American Historical Review
49, no. 4 (July 1944): 617.

39.
Letter to Noah Swayne, enclosed as copy in Swayne to Carey, February 4, 1865, Carey Papers, box 78; cited in Luthin, “Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff,” 629.

40.
Luthin, “Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff,” 619.

41.
Bairoch,
Economics and World History
, 35.

42.
Quoted in Ha-Joon Chang, “Kicking Away the Ladder: Infant Industry Protection in Historical Perspective,”
Oxford Development Studies
31, no. 1 (2003): 205–26.

43.
Alfred E. Eckes,
Opening America’s Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 30.

44.
Frank W. Taussig,
Some Aspects of the Tariff Question
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918), 118.

45.
Steven A. Sass, “Community and Academic Economists at the University of Pennsylvania,” in
Economists and Higher Learning in the Nineteenth Century
, ed. William J. Barber (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993), 227.

46.
Steven A. Sass and Barbara Copperman, “Joseph Wharton’s Argument for Protection,” http://www.h-net.org (accessed November 1, 2011).

47.
Sass, “Community and Academic Economists,” 227.

48.
Ibid., 227–28.

49.
Ibid., 230–31.

50.
Quoted in Robert P. Sharkey,
Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959), 289.

51.
Sharkey,
Money, Class, and Party
, 122–23.

52.
Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan
, 311–12.

53.
Sharkey,
Money, Class, and Party
, 149–52. See also David A. Wells,
The Recent Financial, Industrial, and Commercial Experiences of the United States: A Curious Chapter in Politico-Economic History
(New York: J. H. and C. M. Goodsell, 1872), 25.

CHAPTER 7: THE IRON HORSE AND THE LIGHTNING

1.
Abraham Lincoln, “Second Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” in
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 3:356–63.

2.
Richard Franklin Bensel,
The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 295.

3.
Alfred D. Chandler Jr.,
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 90.

4.
Robert D. Atkinson,
The Past and Future of America’s Economy: Long Waves of Innovation That Power Cycles of Growth
(Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2004), 23.

5.
Frank Dobbin,
Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railroad Age
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 91.

6.
Alasdair Nairn,
Engines That Move Markets: Technology Investing from Railroads to the Internet and Beyond
(New York: John Wiley, 2002), 63.

7.
Herbert Hovenkamp,
Enterprise and American Law, 1836–1937
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 148.

8.
Dobbin,
Forging Industrial Policy
, 86.

9.
Joan Robinson,
The Economics of Imperfect Competition
(London: Macmillan, 1933); Edward Chamberlain,
The Theory of Monopolistic Competition
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933).

10.
James Buchanan, Second Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 6, 1858, quoted in Dobbin,
Forging Industrial Policy
, 51.

11.
Dobbin,
Forging Industrial Policy
, 51.

12.
Ibid., 54.

13.
Ibid., 55.

14.
Bill Frezza, “Infrastructure Follies: Railroads, Cleantech, and Crony Capitalism,”
Forbes
, September 13, 2011.

15.
Michael P. Malone,
James J. Hill
:
Empire Builder of the Northwest
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 33.

16.
Charles F. Adams Jr. et al.,
Chapters of Erie, and Other Essays
(Boston: James R. Osgood, 1871), 10.

17.
Bouck White,
The Book of Daniel Drew
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1937), 309–10; Irvin G. Wyllie, “Social Darwinism and the Businessman,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
103, no. 5 (October 1959): 633.

18.
John F. Stover,
American Railroads
, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 103–104.

19.
Ronald Campbell, “Jim Fisk, or He Never Went Back on the Poor,”
The Hand That Holds the Bread: Progress and Protest in the Gilded Age. Songs from the Civil War to the Columbian Exposition
, Anthology of Recorded Music, Inc., 1997
.

20.
Nairn,
Engines That Move Markets
, 69–73.

21.
Matthew Josephson,
The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901
(New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2011), 284.

22.
Ron Chernow,
Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
(New York: Random House, 1998), 132.

23.
Andrew Carnegie,
The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie
(FQ Classics, 2007), 174.

24.
Peter Temin,
Iron and Steel in the Nineteenth Century
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964), 113.

25.
Quoted in Samuel E. Morison and Henry S. Commager,
The Growth of the American Republic
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), 2:133.

26.
David Lewis Cohn,
The Good Old Days: A History of American Morals and Manners as Seen through the Sears Roebuck Catalog
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1940).

27.
Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War
(Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs, 1907), 2:448–449.

28.
Charles W. Calomiris,
U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 3–4.

29.
Ibid., 291.

30.
Gary Gorton and Lixin Huang, “Panics, Bank Coalitions, and the Origin of Central Banking” (working paper, University of Pennsylvania, May 11, 2011): 7.

31.
Calomiris,
U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective
, 18.

32.
Ibid.

33.
Ibid., 39–40.

34.
Angus Maddison,
Monitoring the World Economy, 1820–1992
(Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995).

35.
“Part Two: The Industrial City: Introduction,” in
The Making of Urban America
, ed. Raymond A. Mohl (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997), 94.

36.
Quoted in
American Immigration
, vol. 2,
Ellis Island: Gateway to America
(Danbury, CT: Grolier Educational, 1999), 89.

37.
Werner Sollors, “From the Bottom Up: Foreword by Werner Sollors,” in
The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans, As Told by Themselves
, ed. Hamilton Holt (New York: Routledge, 1990), xxi.

38.
Leo Wolff,
Lockout: The Story of the Homestead Strike of 1892: A Study of Violence, Unionism, and the Carnegie Steel Empire
(London: Longmans, 1965), 18.

39.
Quoted in
American Immigration
, vol. 2,
Ellis Island
, 37.

40.
Sollors,
The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans
, 37.

41.
Ibid., 86.

42.
Ibid., 45.

43.
Ibid., 50.

44.
Ibid., 50 and 54.

45.
Kevin O’Rourke, Jeffrey Williamson, and Timothy Hamilton, “Mass Migration, Commodity Market Integration, and Real Wage Convergence,” in
Migration and the International Labor Market, 1850–1939
, ed. Tim Hatton and Jeffrey Williamson (New York: Routledge, 1994).

46.
United States Immigration Commission,
Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission
, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1911), 1:531; cited in David M. Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich,
Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 141; Michael Perelman,
Railroading Economics: The Creation of the Free Market Mythology
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 2006), 134.

47.
James Howard Bridge,
The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company: A Romance of Millions
(New York: Arno Press, 1972), 81.

48.
Lawrence B. Glickman,
A Living Wage
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 87.

49.
Ibid.

50.
Colleen A. Dunlavy and Thomas Welskopp, “Myths and Peculiarities: Comparing U.S. and German Capitalism,”
GHI Bulletin
, no. 41 (Fall 2007): 40.

51.
Wolff,
Lockout
, 14.

52.
Quoted in Ronald Shillingford,
The History of the World’s Greatest Entrepreneurs
(The History of the World’s Greatest, 2010), 141.

53.
“Eugene Victor Debs: Political Activist,” Debs Foundation Web site, http://debsfoundation.org/politicalactivist.html (accessed December 8, 2011).

54.
Because the Judiciary Committee rejected Sherman’s and other amendments, some scholars have argued that Congress indeed considered and rejected the exemption of labor unions from the provisions of the act. But it is doubtful that this was the understanding of the members of the Senate. See
Loewe v. Lawlor
, 208 US 274, 301 (1908); Edward Berman,
Labor and the Sherman Act
(New York: Russell & Russell, 1930), 11–51; James A. Emery, “Labor Organization and the Sherman Law,”
Journal of Political Economy
20, no. 6 (June 1912): 599, 604–6; Hovenkamp,
Enterprise and American Law, 1836–1937
, 229.