B005HFI0X2 EBOK (60 page)

55.
Hovenkamp,
Enterprise and American Law, 1836–1937
, 238.

56.
Richard Franklin Bensel,
Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859–1877
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Bensel,
The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900
.

57.
Kevin Phillips,
The Cousins Wars
(New York: Basic Books, 1999), 458.

58.
Ibid.

59.
Henry Grady, “Address to the Bay State Club of Boston” (speech, Boston, MA, 1889), http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5745/ (accessed December 8, 2011).

60.
Douglas A. Blackmon,
Slavery by Another Name
(New York: Random House, 2008), 358.

61.
Sollors,
The Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans
, 118.

62.
Ibid., 120–21.

63.
Blackmon,
Slavery by Another Name
, 375.

64.
“First Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1894, to August 31, 1896” (Montgomery, AL: Roemer Printing, 1896), Alabama Department of Archives and History, quoted in Blackmon,
Slavery by Another Name
, 57.

65.
R. Douglas Hurt,
American Agriculture: A Brief History
, rev. ed. (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2002), 188–89.

66.
C. F. Emerick, “An Analysis of Agricultural Discontent in the United States, Part 1,”
Political Science Quarterly
11, no. 3 (September 1896): 456; quoted in Jack Beatty,
Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900
(New York: Random House, 2008), 105.

67.
“People’s Party Platform,’’
Omaha Morning World-Herald
, July 5, 1892, http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/eamerica/media/ch22/ resources/documents/populist.htm (accessed November 1, 2011).

68.
The
Atlanta Constitution
, July 10, 1896; quoted in Richard Franklin Bensel,
Passion and Preferences: William Jennings Bryan and the 1896 Democratic Convention
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 1.

69.
Henry Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
(Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1905), 344.

70.
Vachel Lindsay, “Bryan, Bryan, Bryan, Bryan,” in
The Golden Whales of California, and Other Rhymes in the American Lan
guage (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 28.

71.
John Milton Cooper Jr.,
Woodrow Wilson: A Biography
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), 87.

72.
Kevin Phillips,
William McKinley
(New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 126.

73.
Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Modern Library, 1979), 568.

74.
Quoted in Bensel,
Passion and Preferences
, 227–28.

75.
The Annals of America
, vol. 12,
1895–1904: Populism, Imperialism, and Reform
(Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1968), 100–105.

76.
Canton Repository, April 14, 1892; quoted in William H. Armstrong,
Major McKinley: William McKinley and the Civil War
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000), 119.

77.
Armstrong,
Major McKinley
, 133.

78.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “Commonwealth Club Campaign Speech,” in Peter Augustine Lawler and Robert Martin Schaefer, eds.,
American Political Rhetoric
, 6th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 169–176.

CHAPTER 8: FRANKLIN’S BABY: ELECTRICITY, AUTOMOBILES, AND THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1.
Alfred North Whitehead
, Science and the Modern World
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1926), 120.

2.
Quoted in H. W. Brands,
The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin
(New York: Doubleday, 2000), 202.

3.
Jill Jonnes,
Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World
(New York: Random House, 2003), 27–28.

4.
This account follows Richard G. Lipsey, Kenneth I. Carlaw, and Clifford T. Bekar,
Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long Term Economic Growth
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 254–55.

5.
Henry Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
(Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 380.

6.
Seymour L. Chapin, “A Legendary Bon Mot? Franklin’s ‘What Is the Good of a Newborn Baby?’ ”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
129, no. 3 (1985): 278–90.

7.
Quoted in Bence Jones,
Life and Letters of Michael Faraday
, vol. 1 (London: Spottiswoode, 1879), 218; Bernard Cohen, “Faraday and Franklin’s ‘Newborn Baby,’ ”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
131, no. 2 (June 1987): 35.

8.
Joel Mokyr, “The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914” (working paper, Northwestern University, August 1998), 1.

9.
Gary Cross and Rick Szostak,
Technology and American Society: A History
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995), 164.

10.
John T. Ratzlaff, ed.,
Tesla Said
(Millbrae, CA: Tesla Book Company, 1984), 280; Jonnes,
Empires of Light
, 105.

11.
Cross and Szostak,
Technology and American Society
, 166.

12.
Mary Bellis, “The History of Fluorescent Lights,” About.com, “Inventors,” inventors.about.com, accessed December 30, 2011.

13.
Quoted in Jonnes,
Empires of Light
, 178.

14.
Vaclav Smil,
Energies: An Illustrated Guide to the Biosphere and Civilization
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 157.

15.
R. F. Hirsh,
Technology and Transformation in the American Electric Utility Industry
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 20–21.

16.
Smil,
Energies
, 151.

17.
Barbara Freese,
Coal: A Human History
(New York: Penguin, 2003), 137.

18.
Smil,
Energies
, 140.

19.
Holland Thompson,
The Age of Invention: A Chronicle of Mechanical Conquest
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921), 59 and 61.

20.
Mokyr, “The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914,” 5.

21.
Ibid., 4–5.

22.
Ibid., 11.

23.
Louis Ferleger and William Lazonick, “The Managerial Revolution and the Developmental State: The Case of U.S. Agriculture,”
Business and Economic History
22, no. 2 (Winter 1993): 78.

24.
Ibid., 73.

25.
Table 3.1, “Estimated Government Expenditures on Aviation, 1908–1913,” in Vernon W. Ruttan,
Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? Military Procurement and Technology Development
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 39.

26.
Ibid., 33.

27.
Ibid., 38.

28.
Ibid., 42–43.

29.
Peter J. Hugill,
Global Communications Since 1844: Geopolitics and Technology
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 226.

30.
Cross and Szostak,
Technology and American Society
, 266.

31.
James E. Vance,
The Continuing City
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 384.

32.
Ibid., 386–87.

33.
Ibid., 469.

34.
Ibid., 374–76.

35.
Ibid., 473.

36.
Bruce Bliven Jr.,
The Wonderful Writing Machine
(New York: Random House, 1954), 62.

CHAPTER 9: THE DAY OF COMBINATION

1.
Henry Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
(Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 344.

2.
Allan Nevins,
John D. Rockefeller
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1959), 1:622.

3.
John Bates Clark,
The Control of Trusts
(New York: Macmillan, 1901), 17; quoted in Walter Adams and James W. Brock,
The Bigness Complex: Industry, Labor, and Government in the American Economy
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 25.

4.
Adolf A. Berle and Gardner C. Means,
The Modern Corporation and Private Property
, rev. ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1932), 34.

5.
Nevins,
John D. Rockefeller
, 1:622nii.

6.
Jean Strouse,
Morgan: American Financier
(New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 310.

7.
Sanford Gordon, “The Significance of Public Opinion in the Passage of the Sherman Act” (PhD diss., New York University, 1953).

8.
Richard T. Ely, “The Nature and Significance of Corporations,”
Harper’s Magazine
75 (June/November 1887): 71 and 75; quoted in William L. Letwin, “Congress and the Sherman Antitrust Law: 1887–1890,”
University of Chicago Law Review
23, no. 2 (Winter 1956): 238.

9.
David Ames Wells,
Recent Economic Changes
(New York: D. Appleton, 1889), 74; quoted in Letwin, “Congress and the Sherman Antitrust Law: 1887–1890,” 237.

10.
Wells,
Recent Economic Changes
, 74–75.

11.
John Bates Clark, “The Limits of Competition,” reprinted in John Bates Clark and Franklin H. Giddings,
The Modern Distributive Process
(Boston: Ginn, 1888), 11; quoted in Letwin, “Congress and the Sherman Antitrust Law: 1887–1890,” 238.

12.
Naomi R. Lamoreaux,
The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1.

13.
Ibid., 2.

14.
Table 1.2, “Market Shares of Consolidations,” in ibid., 3–4.

15.
Adams and Brock,
The Bigness Complex
, 25–27.

16.
Moody is quoted in Louis D. Brandeis,
Other People’s Money and How the Bankers Use It
, ed. Richard Abrams (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1914), vii–xvi.

17.
Alfred D. Chandler Jr.,
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990), 128–29.

18.
John F. Stover,
American Railroads
, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 93; David Mark Chalmers,
Neither Socialism nor Monopoly: Theodore Roosevelt and the Decision to Regulate the Railroads
(New York: Lippencott, 1976), 1.; Frank Dobbin,
Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railroad Age
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 90.

19.
Charles W. Calomiris,
U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 244–45.

20.
Charles W. Calomiris, “Universal Banking and the Financing of Industrial Development” (policy research working paper 1533, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1995), 7.

21.
Miguel Cantillo Simon, “The Rise and Fall of Bank Control in the United States: 1890–1939,”
American Economic Review
88, no. 5 (December 1998): 1081–82.

22.
John Steel Gordon, “The Magnitude of J. P. Morgan,”
American Heritage
(July–August 1989).

23.
J. Bradford De Long, “What Morgan Wrought,”
Wilson Quarterly
16, no. 4 (August 1992): 22.

24.
Chandler,
Scale and Scope
, 21–23; Thomas K. McCraw, “Rethinking the Trust Question,” in
Regulation in Perspective
, ed. Thomas K. McCraw (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 1–55; cited in Strouse,
Morgan
, 315–16, footnote.

25.
De Long, “What Morgan Wrought,” 24.

26.
Henry George,
A Perplexed Philosopher
(New York: Charles Webster, 1892), 164; quoted in Sidney Fine,
Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought, 1865–1901
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1978), 44.

27.
See Chapter 1, note 15, supra.

28.
Henry Carter Adams, “Relation of the State to Industrial Action,”
Publications of the American Economic Association
1, no. 6 (January 1887): 64; quoted in Letwin, “Congress and the Sherman Antitrust Law: 1887–1890,” 239.

29.
Herbert Croly,
The Promise of American Life
(New York: Macmillan, 1914), 362.

30.
Quoted in Doug Henwood, “Old Livernose and the Plungers: J. Pierpont Morgan and T. Boone Pickens,”
Grand Street
7, no. 1: 183.

31.
Matthew Josephson,
The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934), 448.

32.
Theodore Roosevelt, “Second Annual Message to Congress,” speech, Washington, DC, 1902, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/ 3774 (accessed November 2, 2011).

33.
Theodore Roosevelt, “The New Nationalism” (speech, Osawatomie, Kansas, August 13, 1910), http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=501 (accessed December 8, 2011).

34.
Quoted in Strouse,
Morgan
, 439–40.

35.
Bob Batchelor,
The 1900s
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2002), 18.

36.
Congressional Record
43 (1909), pt. 2, 1395; quoted in Lamoreaux,
The Great Merger Movement
, 173.