B005HFI0X2 EBOK (64 page)

23.
Ibid., 18.

24.
Wendell Cox, “Transit: The 4 Percent Solution,”
New Geography.com
, May 26, 2011.

25.
Quoted in Schulman,
From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt
, 220.

26.
Quoted in ibid., 63.

27.
Charles S. Aiken,
The Cotton Plantation South Since the Civil War
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 228.

28.
Raymond A. Mohl, ed.,
The Making of Urban America
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997), “Part Two: The Industrial City: Introduction,” 221.

29.
Table 2.5, “Income Per Worker as a Percentage of U.S. Average, by Sector, 1869–1955,” in Peter George,
The Emergence of Industrial America: Strategic Factors in American Economic Growth Since 1870
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 18.

30.
Table 2.6, “Per Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of U.S. Average, by Region, 1860–1960,” in ibid., 191.

31.
Stanley Lebergott,
Pursuing Happiness: American Consumers in the Twentieth Century
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 101.

32.
Table 8.1, “Housework, 1900–1975, by Weekly Hours,” in ibid., 51.

33.
Ibid., 58.

34.
Ibid., 106–107.

35.
Ibid., 109.

36.
Ibid., 98.

37.
Ibid., 67.

38.
Robert Reich,
Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 24.

39.
Alfred D. Chandler,
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
(Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1977), 482–83.

40.
John Kenneth Galbraith,
The New Industrial State
, 4th ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 93.

41.
Ibid., 93.

42.
Berle,
The American Economic Republic
.

43.
Hugh Rockoff, “The United States: From Ploughshares to Swords,” in
The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Competition
, ed. Mark Harrison (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 104–105; Robert J. Gordon, “45 Billion of U.S. Private Investment Has Been Mislaid,”
American Economic Review
59, no. 3 (June 1969): 221–38.

44.
Gerald T. White, “Financing Industrial Expansion for War: The Origin of the Defense Plan Corporation Leases,”
Journal of Economic History
9, no. 2 (November 1949): 156–83.

45.
M. Morton, “History of Synthetic Rubber,” in
History of Polymer Science and Technology
, ed. Raymond B. Seymour (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1982), 231, 235; David Mowery and Nathan Rosenberg, “Twentieth-Century Technological Change,” in
The Cambridge Economic History of the United States
, ed. Stanley L. Engermann and Robert E. Gallman, vol. 3,
The Twentieth Century
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 857.

46.
Galbraith,
The New Industrial State
, 103.

47.
“Research and Development in Industry, 1974,” National Science Foundation, September 1976; cited in Galbraith,
The New Industrial State
, 38–39n10.

48.
William H. Becker, “Managerial Capitalism and Public Policy,”
Business and Economic History
, 2nd ser., 21 (1992): 251.

49.
Joint Economic Committee, US 87th Congress, 1st Session (1962), 40–41; quoted in Carlota Perez,
Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages
(Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002), 128.

50.
Galbraith,
The New Industrial State
, 118.

51.
Berle,
The American Economic Republic
, 75.

52.
Galbraith,
The New Industrial State
.

53.
John Berleau, “What’s Good for GM Is Now Terrible for America,”
The American Spectator Online
, http://spectator.org/archives/2010/11/18/whats-good-for-gm-is-now-terri (accessed December 8, 2011).

54.
Quoted in
Fortune
, October 1951, 98–99; Reich,
Supercapitalism
, 45.

55.
Quoted in Richard B. Freedman and James L. Medoff,
What Do Unions Do?
(New York: Basic Books, 1984), 4; Greg Hannsgen and Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, “Lessons from the New Deal: Did the New Deal Prolong or Worsen the Great Depression?” (working paper no. 581, The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, October 2009), 11.

56.
William Benton, speech to CED trustees, 1949, box 1518, OF 638-A, Truman MSS; quoted in Robert M. Collins, “American Corporatism: The Committee for Economic Development, 1942–1964,”
The Historian
44, no. 2 (February 1982): 171.

57.
John Chamberlain,
The American Stakes
(New York: Carrick and Evans, 1940), 31–32; quoted in Daniel T. Rodgers,
Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence
(New York: Basic Books, 1987), 208.

58.
Roger Lowenstein, “Siphoning GM’s Future,”
New York Times
, July 10, 2008.

59.
R. Alton Gilbert, “Requiem for Regulation Q: What It Did and Why It Passed Away,”
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review
, February 1986: 22–37.

60.
Michael R. Haines and Richard H. Steckel,
A Population History of North America
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 643.

61.
Table 14.5, “Occupational Distribution of Whites and Blacks, 1950 (Percentages),” in Ibid.

62.
Ibid., 645.

63.
Ibid., 644.

64.
Ibid., 648.

65.
Ibid., 649.

66.
Ibid., 642.

67.
Table 14.1, “Race-Nativity Distribution of U.S. Population, 1900 and 1950 (Percentages)” in ibid., 633.

68.
Paul A. Samuelson,
Economics
, sixth edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), quoted in George J. Borjas, “The Labor Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market” (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research), working paper 9755, 2.

69.
See Vernon M. Briggs,
Immigration and American Unionism
, Cornell Studies in Industrial and Labor Relations (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).

70.
Haines and Steckel,
A Population History of North America
, 633.

71.
California Rural Legal Assistance, “Major Victories: Highlights from CRLA’s Proud History of Landmark Victories for the Poor,” www.crla .org/major-victories (accessed December 13, 2011).

72.
Quoted in
American Immigration
, vol. 6,
Home Sweatshops–Italians
(Danbury, CT: Grolier Educational, 1999), 41.

73.
Quoted in Brian D. Behnken,
Fighting Their Own Battles: Mexican Americans, African Americans, and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Texas
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 105.

74.
Quoted in Susan Ferriss and Ricardo Sandoval,
The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1997), 56.

75.
Quoted in Richard Jay Jensen and and John C. Hammerback, eds.,
The Words of Cesar Chavez
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002), 47.

76.
Census.

77.
Robert J. Samuelson, “Importing Poverty,”
Washington Post
, September 5, 2007.

78.
Martin Anderson quoted in Mike Feinsilber, “The Transition: Reagan Aide Claims Poverty in America Is Virtually Extinct,” Associated Press, December 26, 1980.

79.
Gareth Davies,
From Opportunity to Entitlement: The Transformation and Decline of Great Society Liberalism
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 34.

80.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, letter to Edgar Newton Eisenhower, November 8, 1954, in Eisenhower,
The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), Document 1147. World Wide Web facsimile by the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission of the print edition http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential -papers/first-term/documents/1147.cfm (accessed December 8, 2011).

81.
Jonathan Hughes and Louis P. Cain,
American Economic History
, 5th ed. (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1998), 437.

82.
Marc Allen Eisner,
From Warfare State to Welfare State: World War I, Compensatory State Building, and the Limits of the Modern Order
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000).

CHAPTER 14: THE GREAT DISMANTLING

1.
Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address (speech, Washington, DC, January 20, 1981), http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres61.html (accessed November 14, 2011).

2.
Suzanne McGee,
Chasing Goldman Sachs: How the Masters of the Universe Melted Wall Street Down . . . and Why They’ll Take Us to the Brink Again
(New York: Crown Business, 2010), 257.

3.
D. Ravenscraft and F. M. Scherer,
Mergers, Sell-Offs, and Economic Efficiency
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1987), 39; cited in William Lazonick and Mary O’Sullivan, “Finance and Industrial Development, part I: The United States and the United Kingdom,”
Financial History Review
4 (1997): 17.

4.
W. R. Grace Web site, http://www.grace.com/Products/ (accessed December 8, 2011).

5.
Lazonick and O’Sullivan, “Finance and Industrial Development,” 17.

6.
US Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1969), 928; Lazonick and O’Sullivan, “Finance and Industrial Development,” 17.

7.
Alfred E. Eckes Jr.,
Opening America’s Market
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 154.

8.
Ibid., 157.

9.
Ibid., 158.

10.
Unpublished pages from memoirs of Harry S. Truman, quoted in ibid., 158 and 324n69.

11.
Memo to American diplomatic and counselor offices, “Promotion of United States Import Trade,” September 11, 1946, ITF, RG43, US National Archives; cited in Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 165 and 326n96.

12.
US Public Advisory Board for Mutual Security, “A Trade and Tariff Policy in the National Interest” (the Bell Report), 1, 3, 66, quoted in Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 166, and 326n101.

13.
Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 328n135; discussion of 409 meeting of the National Security Council, June 4, 1959, vol. 16 (1990), document 971, DDC.

14.
Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 179.

15.
Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 186 and 330n28; Public Papers . . . Kennedy, 1961, 790–91.

16.
“Task Force on Foreign Economic Policy,” March 25, 1964, quoted in Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 191–92 and 331n51.

17.
“Clarence Randall Diary,” Randall Papers, June 25, July 7, 15, 1954, DDE; quoted in Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 168 and 326n106.

18.
Walter Adams and James W. Brock,
The Bigness Complex: Industry, Labor, and Government in the American Econom
y (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 384n27.

19.
A. G. Kenwood and A. L. Lougheed,
The Growth of the International Economy, 1820–1980
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1983), 306.

20.
Ibid.

21.
K. Otabe, quoted in minutes of Japanese–United States negotiations, February 22–April 18, 1955, ITF, RG43, National Archives; cited in Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 171 and 327n119.

22.
Eckes,
Opening America’s Market
, 173–74.

23.
Ibid., 169.

24.
Komiya, Okuno, Suzumura, Japanese Industrial Policy (1984/985); see also Chalmers Johnson (1984).

25.
Yoko Sazanami, Shujiro Urata, and Hiroki Kawai,
Measuring the Costs of Protection in Japan
(Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1995).

26.
Vernon W. Ruttan,
Technology, Growth, and Development: An Induced Innovation Perspective
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 344–45; M. Anchordoguy,
Computers Inc.: Japan’s Challenge to IBM
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 20.

27.
Herman Schwartz, “Hegemony, International Debt and International Economic Instability,” in Chronis Polychroniou, ed.,
Perspectives and Issues in International Political Economy
(New York: Praeger, 1992).

28.
Ibid.

29.
Quoted in R. Taggart Murphy,
The Weight of the Yen: How Denial Imperils America’s Fate and Ruins an Alliance
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 201.

30.
Box 8.1, “Transfer of Petrochemical Technology to Korea,” in Ruttan,
Technology, Growth, and Development
, 305–307. See also J. L. Enos and W. H. Park,
The Adoption and Diffusion of Imported Technology: The Case of Korea
(London: Croom Helm, 1988); J. J. Stern, J. Kim, D. H. Perkins, and J.-H. Yoo,
Industrialization and the State: The Korean Heavy and Chemical Industry Drive
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).

31.
Ha-Joon Chang,
Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism
(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008).