Confronting the Colonies (39 page)

1.
‘Transcript of Sir John Scarlett Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 8 December 2009,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/40665/20091208pmscarlett-final.pdf
, p. 24, 67; ‘Transcript of Sir David Omand Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 20 January 2010,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/44187/20100120pm-omand-final.pdf
, pp. 13, 16–17, 40, 48.

2.
Deighton, Anne, ‘Britain and the Cold War, 1945–1955', in Leffler, M., and Westad, O. A. (eds.),
The Cambridge History of the Cold War: Volume I, Origins
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 119.

3.
Strong, Kenneth, ‘Talk to I.A.C'., undated, Alan Crick Papers, Intelligence 1950s, GB99 KCLMA Crick, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London. The speaker is unclear from the notes although it seems likely that it was Strong. Although undated, the talk can be dated as the mid-1950s.

4.
Westad, Odd Arne,
The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 79.

5.
Connelly, Matthew,
A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 276.

6.
French, David,
The British Way in Warfare
,
1688–2000
, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990, p. 202.

7.
For an excellent recent discussion of decolonisation see Hyam, Ronald,
Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

8.
Aldrich, Richard,
The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence
, London: John Murray, 2001, p. 500.

9.
Walton, Calder, ‘British intelligence and the mandate of Palestine: threats to British national security immediately after the Second World War',
Intelligence and National Security
, 23/4, (2008), pp. 442, 458; Walton, Calder,
Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire
, London: Harper, 2013, pp. ix-xx.

10.
Bennett, Huw,
Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 8.

11.
Mumford, Andrew,
The Counter-insurgency myth: The British experience of irregular warfare
, London: Routledge, 2012, pp. 67–8.

12.
Murphy, Philip, ‘A Police State? The Nyasaland Emergency and Colonial Intelligence',
Journal of Southern African Studies
, 36/4, 2010, p. 770; Thorpe, D.R.,
Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan
, London: Chatto and Windus, 2010 p. 438; Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 280.

13.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 284.

14.
O'Halpin, Eunan, ‘“A poor thing but our own”: The Joint Intelligence Committee and Ireland, 1965–72',
Intelligence and National Security
, 23/5, (2008), pp. 658–80.

15.
Cradock, Percy,
Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World
, London: John Murray, 2002, pp. 239.

16.
See for example, Murphy, Philip, ‘A Police State?', pp. 765–80; Murphy, Philip, ‘Intelligence and Decolonization: The Life and Death of the Federal Intelligence and Security Bureau, 1954–63',
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 29/2, 2001, pp. 101–30. For a discussion of the missing dimension of intelligence in the decolonisation literature, see Andrew, Christopher and Walton, Calder, ‘Still the “missing Dimension”: British Intelligence and the Historiography of British Decolonisation', in Major, P., and Moran, C. (eds.),
Spooked: Britain, Empire, and Intelligence since 1945
, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2009.

17.
Butler, Lawrence,
Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World
, London: IB Taurus, 2002, p. xii, 191.

18.
Walton,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 124.

19.
Westad, Odd Arne,
The Global Cold War
, p. 74.

20.
Davies, Philip,
Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States, Vol. 2, Evolution of the U.K. Intelligence Community
, California: Praeger, 2013, p. 43.

21.
French, David,
The British Way in Counter-Insurgency
,
1945–1967
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 58.

22.
For an examination of the origins of the JIC, see: Goodman, Michael, ‘Learning to walk: the Origins of the UK's Joint Intelligence Committee',
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
, 21/1, (2008), pp. 40–56.

23.
Goodman, Michael, ‘Avoiding surprise: The Nicoll Report and Intelligence analysis', in Dover, R., and Goodman, M. (eds.),
Learning from the Secret Past: Cases in British Intelligence History
, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2011, pp. 265–74.

24.
‘Transcript of Sir John Scarlett Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 8 December 2009,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/40665/20091208pmscarlett-final.pdf
, pp. 3, 5.

25.
Cooper, Chester,
The Lion's Last Roar
, New York: Harper and Row, 1978, p. 70.

26.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell', 26 May 1948, KV4/471

27.
Cradock,
Know Your Enemy
, pp. 267–8.

28.
Major General Francis de Guingand quoted in, Davies,
Evolution of the U.K. Intelligence Community
, p. 44.

29.
‘Transcript of Sir David Omand Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 20 January 2010,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/44187/20100120pm-omand-final.pdf
, p. 20.

30.
‘The Diaries of Guy Liddell, 11 December 1946, KV 4/468. All references are from the National Archives, UK, unless otherwise stated.

31.
See Cabinet Office, ‘Joint Intelligence Committee: Terms of Reference'
www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/content/joint-intelligence-committee-terms-reference
, last accessed May 2011.

32.
Cradock,
Know Your Enemy
, p. 261.

33.
Davies,
Evolution of the U.K. Intelligence Community
, pp. 39–41.

34.
‘Transcript of Sir John Scarlett Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 8 December 2009,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/40665/20091208pmscarlett-final.pdf
, p. 18.

35.
Herman, Michael,
Intelligence Power in Peace and War
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 14, 138.

36.
See Goodman, Michael, ‘The British Way in Intelligence', in Grant, M. (ed.),
The British Way in Cold Warfare: Intelligence, Diplomacy, and the Bomb 1945–1975
, London: Continuum, 2009, pp. 127–40; For a detailed exploration of Anglo-American intelligence during the Cold War see Aldrich,
The Hidden Hand
.

37.
Goodman, Michael, ‘The British Way in Intelligence', p. 138.

38.
Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review
, London: The Stationery Office, 2010, p. 43.

39.
Butler, Lord,
Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction Report
, London: The Stationery Office, 2004, p. 13.

40.
Omand, David,
Securing the State
, London: Hurst & Co., 2010, pp. 127–8.

1.
Walton, Calder,
Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire
, London: Harper, 2013, p. 164.

2.
Stubbs, Richard,
Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan emergency 1948–60
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 87–9.

3.
Stubbs, Richard, ‘From search and destroy to hearts and minds: the evolution of British strategy in Malaya 1948–60', in Marston, D., and Malka-sian, C. (eds.),
Counterinsurgency in modern warfare
, Oxford: Osprey, 2008, pp. 113–4.

4.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell', 6 October 1951, KV4/473.

5.
For overviews of the conflict see Short, Anthony,
The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–1960
, London: Muller, 1975; Stubbs,
Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare
; Clutterbuck, Richard,
The Long Long War: The Emergency in Malaya 1948–1960
, London: Cassell and Company, 1967; Stockwell, Anthony (ed.),
Malaya: The Malayan Union Experiment 1942–1948, Documents on the End of Empire
, London: HMSO, 1995.

6.
The Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy, ‘First Review of the National Security Strategy 2010, 8 March 2012,
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201012/jtselect/jtnatsec/265/26506.htm#a18
, last accessed March 2012.

7.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell', 6 March 1948, KV4/470.

8.
For details see Attlee, Clement,
As It Happened
, London: William Heine-mann, 1954 p. 191; Griffiths, James,
Pages from Memory
, London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1969, p. 92; Eatwell, Roger,
The 1945–1951 Labour Governments
, London: Batsford, 1979, p. 79; and Ovendale, Ritchie (ed.),
The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments, 1945–1951
, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1984, p. 3, p. 16. For a discussion of how Attlee's government moved from an internationalist Foreign Policy outlook towards acceptance of Cold War politics see Phythian, Mark,
The Labour Party, War, and International Relations, 1945–2006
, Oxon: Routledge, 2007, pp. 21–38.

9.
Griffiths,
Pages from Memory
, pp. 92–3.

10.
‘Colonial Forces', 22 April 1949, Chiefs of Staff(49)138 DEFE4/14.

11.
Goodman, Michael, ‘Learning to walk: the origins of the UK's Joint Intelligence Committee',
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
, 21/1, (2008), pp. 50–3.

12.
JIC Minutes, 18 February 1948, JIC(48)14th Meeting CAB159/3, ‘Review of JIC Organisation and Procedure', 27 February 1948, JIC(48)20 CAB158/3.

13.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell', 18 February 1948, KV4/470.

14.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 27 February 1948, JIC(48)21 CAB158/3.

15.
Herman, Michael,
Intelligence Services in the Information Age
, London: Frank Cass, 2002, p. 117.

16.
Cradock, Percy,
Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World
, London: John Murray, 2002, pp. 268–9.

17.
Richard Aldrich,
The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence
, London: John Murray, 2001, p. 500.

18.
Chiefs of Staff Minutes, 27 September 1948, Chiefs of Staff (48)138th Meeting DEFE4/16.

19.
Walton, Calder, ‘British Intelligence and Threat to National Security, c.1941–1951', PhD thesis: University of Cambridge, 2006, p. 276, 278; Walton,
Empire of secrets
, p. 125.

20.
Templer, Gerald, ‘Report on Colonial Security', April 1955 CAB21/2985 p. 19.

21.
‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee', 27 February 1948, JIC(48)21 CAB158/3; ‘Charter for the Joint Intelligence Committee: Note by the Secretary', 27 February 1948, JIC(48)21 CAB158/3.

22.
The JIC did not officially acquire an enshrined warning role until the post-Falklands Franks Review when a warning responsibility was invested in a senior member of the Assessments Staff. See Herman, Michael,
Intelligence Power in Peace and War
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 235. However, a warning role can be traced back to the Second World War when the committee was charged with monitoring signs of German aggression following the invasion of Norway in 1940. ‘Urgent Intelligence Reports: Directive to the Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee', Chiefs of Staff(40)360, 17 May 1940, CAB 80/11.

23.
von Clausewitz, Carl, trans. Howard and Paret,
On War
, Princeton, 1989, ch.1, section 27.

24.
Townshend, Charles, ‘In aid of the civil power: Britain, Ireland and Palestine 1916–48', in Marston, D. and Malkasian, C. (eds.),
Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare
, Oxford: Osprey, 2008, pp. 20–1.

25.
For more information see Thomas, Martin,
Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914
, London and California: University of California Press, 2008.

26.
Chiefs of Staff Minutes, 8 April 1949, Chiefs of Staff(49)53rd Meeting DEFE4/21.

27.
JIC Minutes, 7 July 1948, JIC(48)68th Meeting CAB159/4.

28.
‘Defence Coordination Committee Far East, Report of the Special Planning Committee', 24 April 1948, CO537/4246.

29.
Chiefs of Staff Minutes, 8 April 1949, Chiefs of Staff(49) 53rd Meeting DEFE4/21. The BDCC(FE) was chaired by the Commissioner-General and reported to the Chiefs of Staff. It was an inherently militaristic committee
and, in addition to MacDonald, included all three Commanders-in-Chief. Malayan High Commissioner Henry Gurney was only invited to attend occasionally when required.

30.
‘The Diary of Guy Liddell', 1 April 1959, KV4/471.

31.
Chiefs of Staff Minutes, 8 April 1949, Chiefs of Staff(49)53rd Meeting DEFE4/21.