Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 (57 page)

Red Apple

location of
1

legends of
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

the lure of
1
,
2

intended to be the centre of Mehmet’s empire
1

and Rome
1

Red Apple Tree
1
,
2

Red Sea
1

Reformation
1

Rhangabes (Greek commander)
1
,
2
,
3

Rhodes
1
,
2
,
3

siege of 1480
4

rifle men
1

Rizzo, Antonio
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Roman Empire
1
,
2

Constantinople as the seat of the Roman Empire
3

Greek fire episode
1
,
2

Romans: building techniques
1

Romanus Augustus Argyrus, Emperor
1

Romanus IV Diogenes, Emperor
1

Rome
1
,
2
,
3

Rum
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Rumeli Hisari (the Throat Cutter)
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

built to secure control of the straits
7
,
8

building of
1
,
2

names for
1

custom toll
1
,
2

fate of Rizzo and the Venetians
1
,
2
,
3

Runciman, Sir Stephen
1

Russia
1

Russian Orthodoxy
1
,
2

Russians
1

Sa’d-ud-din
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Sagredo, Giovanni
1

St Demetrios church, Mistra
1

St Elmo’s fire
1

St George, military church of
1

St George, monastery of
1

St John the Baptist, Church of, Petra
1

St Mark

flag of
1
,
2
,
3

lion of
1
,
2

St Mark’s, Venice
1
,
2
,
3

St Mary of Blachernae church, Constantinople
1

St Michael the Archangel, ruined church of
1
,
2

St Romanus Gate, Constantinople
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
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,
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,
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,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18

St Saviour church, Chora
1

St Sophia church, Constantinople
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
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,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12

profaned and ransacked (1204)
13

dome collapses
1
,
2

lack of coronation for Constantine XI
1

celebration of the union
1
,
2

shunned by the Orthodox
1
,
2
,
3

Constantine gives thanks for a respite
1

strange light over the dome
1

procession gathers outside (28 May)
1

filled with people for final service of intercession
1

clergy’s prayers
1

the people seek sanctuary in
1
,
2
,
3

doors of
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

crypt
1

soldiers attack
1
,
2
,
3

Mehmet visits
1

converted into a mosque (Aya Sofya)
1
,
2

St Sophia church, Mistra
1

Saladin
1
,
2
,
3

saltpetre
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

sappers (Christian)
1

sappers (Ottoman)
1
,
2
,
3

Saracens
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Saruja
1

Saxon miners
1
,
2
,
3

scimitars
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Scots
1

Scutari, fall of (1338)
1

Scythians
1

Sea of Marmara
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7

described
8
,
9

Muslim ships destroyed in storm (718)
1

Venetian fleet sails up the Marmara (1203)
1

captives taken in raids on Ottoman coastal villages (1452 )
1

Constantine’s fortified outposts
1

disguised ship searches for signs of a rescue fleet
1

fast currents
1
,
2

survivors flee
1

Seljuks
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Selymbria
1
,
2

Serbian state
1

serpent column, temple of Apollo, Delphi
1
,
2
,
3

shamans
1

sharia law
1

Shihabettin Pasha
1
,
2

Sicily
1

siege engines
1

siege guns
1
,
2

siege towers
1
,
2
,
3

siege warfare
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Sinop
1
,
2

sipahis
(Ottoman cavalry)
1

Sivas, Anatolia
1

slave markets
1
Slavs
2

crack troops in the Ottoman army
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

slingers
1
,
2

slingshot
1

Smyrna (Izmir)
1
,
2

Sodom and Gomorra
1

Soligo, Bartolamio
1

Spain: reconquest by the Catholic kings
1

Sphendone, Constantinople
1
,
2

Sphrantzes, George
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
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,
9
,
10
,
11

and the Lesser and Greater chronicles
12

Sphrantzes, Thamar
1

Steco, Andrea
1

Struma valley
1
,
2

Studion, Constantinople
1
,
2

Studius
1

Suez
1

Sufism
1
,
2

Suleymaniye mosque, Constantinople
1

sulphur
1
,
2

sultans

Orhan styles himself sultan
1

growing ambitions
1

no longer unlettered tribal chieftains
1

taste for the ceremonial apparatus of monarchy
1

fear of assassination
1

fratricidal struggle for power
1

male heirs sent to govern provinces
1

Sunnism
1
,
2
,
3

Syria
1
,
2