Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 (54 page)

crucial control lost by the defenders
1

a zone of unresolved tension
1

pontoon bridge across the Horn
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

defence of
1

escape attempts
1

gonfalons
1

Gospels
1

Goths
1

Grant, John
1
,
2
,
3

grappling hooks
1
,
2

great galleys
1

Great Idea
1

Great Schism
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Greece
1

Turkocratia
2

the Great Idea
1

Greek fire
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8

Greeks

siege as a state of mind
1

Michael the Syrian on
1

attitude to crusaders
1

destruction of Galata
1

in Galata
1

enslaved in the Morea
1

building techniques
1

soldiers
1

refugees
1

and Italians
1

Gregory Mammas, patriarch of Constantinople
1
,
2
,
3

Gregory VII, Pope
1

Grezi, Troilo de
1

Grioni, Zacaria
1

Gunner Verban District, Istanbul
1

gunners, corps of
1

gunpowder
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7

guns

first mention of (1313)
1

first pictorial representation (1326)
1

workshops
1

drawbacks of early guns
1

Mehmet experiments with casting large guns
1

Gurani, Ulema Ahmet
1
,
2
,
3

Guro
1

Hadith
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Hafiz, Hazret
1

Halil Pasha, Chief Vizier
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Mehmet confirmed as sultan under his guidance
6

episode of the Persian missionary
1

engineers Mehmet’s deposition
1

and Murat’s death
1

Mehmet restores him as chief vizier
1

and Prince Orhan
1
,
2

and building of Rumeli Hasari
1
,
2

and fear of Christian unity
1

frightened into supporting Mehmet’s project
1

taunted by opponents
1

favours peace
1
,
2

location in the final battle
1

unsuccessful seaborne landing
1

hanged at Edirne
1

Hamza Pasha
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

handguns
1
,
2

Hannibal
1

harem system
1

Harff, Arnold von
1

Hasan of Ulubat
1
,
2

Helen, mother of Constantine I
1

Helena, mother of Constantine XI
1
,
2

Heraclius, twenty-eighth Emperor of Byzantium
1
,
2
,
3

Hexamilion, Constantinople
1
,
2
,
3

Hippodrome, Constantinople
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10

Hizir Pasha, Kara
1

Hodegetria
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Holy Apostles, ruined church of the,

Constantinople
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Homer
1
,
2
,
3

Horaia Gate
1

Hormisdas, ruined palace of
1

horsetail banners
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

House of Palaiologos
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

House of Truce
1

Humbert of Mourmoutiers
1

Hungarian crusader army
1
,
2

Hungarians
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Hungary
1
,
2

Huns
1
,
2

Hunyadi, John
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Ibn Battutah
1
,
2

Ibn Khaldun
1
,
2

Igor the Russian, Prince
1

imams
1
,
2

Imbros
1

imperial foot-guards
1

infantry

confrontation with Genoese merchantmen
1
,
2

Janissary
1

heavy
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

given their battle orders
1

Innocent III, Pope
1

iron
1
,
2

irregulars (Ottoman)
1
,
2

Isfahan
1

Ishak Pasha
1
,
2
,
3

Isidore of Kiev, Cardinal
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

Islam

struggle with Christianity
1
,
2

Muhammad unites feuding tribes under Islam
1

Muhammad invites Heraclius to embrace it
1

first major setback to the Muslim cause
1
,
2

humankind expected to accept Islam or submit to Muslim rule
1

consequences of failure to take Constantinople in 717
1

and Russian Orthodoxy
1

reopens holy war against its Christian foes
1

green flag of
1

laws requiring mercy to conquered peoples
1

Christian converts
1

symbol of triumph over Christianity
1

and rebuilding of Constantinople
1

huge renewal of anti-Islamic sentiment
1

news of Constantinople’s fall greeted with joy
1

spreads into Europe
1

advance halted at the gates of Vienna (1683)
1

see also
crusades

Ismail
1
,
2

Isthmus of Corinth
1
,
2

Italian fleet
1

Italian peninsula
1

Italians

Mehmet’s advisers
1

seafarers
1

survivors of the siege
1
,
2

and Greeks
1

see also
Genoese; Venetians

Italy

John VIII tours (1420s)
1

Muslim invasion of (1481)
1

Izmir (Smyrna)
1

Izmit
1

Iznik
1