Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 (52 page)

defences
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Avar siege (626)
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first Arab siege of 669
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siege of
674
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Arab failure to take the city in 717
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Muslim martyrs make the city a holy place for Islam
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deeply marked by experience of Arab sieges
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Galata destroyed (1171)
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Italian community massacred (1183)
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falls to Christians in Fourth Crusade (1204)
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‘Latin Empire of Constantinople’
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recaptured by the Byzantines (1261)
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Orhan captures the city (1326)
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becomes Istanbul
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the first European city to experience the Black Death
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reduced population
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poverty
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besieged by Bayezit
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besieged by Murat II in
1422
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Mehmet’s early plans to capture the city
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divided by religious passions
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volatile proletariat
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winters
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Hexamilion breached (1446)
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Ottoman army advances towards (1453)
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sealed against the enemy
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start of the siege
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Ottoman cavalry starts to penetrate the city
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penitent procession hit by storm
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heaviest bombardment of the siege
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Giustiniani’s stockade
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Mehmet promises three days of plunder
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procession carrying icons and relics
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the locked gates
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the Ottoman attack
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indiscriminate slaughter
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churches and monasteries plundered
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obsessive search for booty
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ordinary citizens marched off to slave markets
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rebuilding of the city
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Muslim joy at the capture
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consequences of the fall in the Christian world
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becomes prosperous again
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the new skyline
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the Ottoman city
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the fall as a fulcrum moment in the Middle Ages
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Contarini, Jacopo
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Contarini, Philippo
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Copernicus, Nicolas
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copper
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Corfu
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Corfu, Antonio de
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‘corned’ powder
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Council of Florence (1438 )
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Creçy, Battle of
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Cretans
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Crete
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crossbowmen
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crossbows
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crusades
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Urban II’s Clermont sermon (1095)
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350 years of crusader warfare
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Constantinople sacked by ‘Christian’ crusaders (Fourth Crusade, 1204)
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papal bull of 1366
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led by Hungarians
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reasons for defeats
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ten-year truce
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Crusade of Varna is defeated
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end of
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and the fall of Constantinople
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culverins
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currency
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cutlasses
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Cyprus
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Cyzicus
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Dallam, Thomas
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Dalmata, John
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Damascus
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Dandolo, Enrico
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Danube River
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Dar al-Harb
(House of War)
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Dar al-Islam
(House of Islam)
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2

Dardanelles
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trade routes
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Orhan’s war band crosses (1350s)
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blocked by Italian ships
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3

Darius, King of Persia
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2

Demetrios (brother of Constantine XI)
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Demetrios the Great, tower of
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dervishes
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Didimotkon, near Edirne
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Diedo, Aluvixe
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Dneiper River
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Doctrine of Economy
1

Dolfin, Dolfin
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Dolmabache Palace
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dolphin emblem
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Doria, Zorzi
1

Double Columns
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double-headed eagle (house of Palaiologos)
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Doukas
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Dracul, Vlad
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Dubrovnik
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Dulle Griete, the Great Bombard of Ghent
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