Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (153 page)

31.
Rachel Murphy,
How Migrant Labor Is Changing Rural China
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Leslie T. Chang,
Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China
(New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2008).

32.
CYNP
, December 12, 1981.

33.
SWCY
, 3:303.

34.
Ibid., 3:307.

35.
Ibid., 3:303.

36.
Wang Shuo, “Teshi teban,” pp. 36–37.

37.
Guan Shan, “Ren Zhongyi tan Deng Xiaoping yu Guangdong de gaige Kaifang” (Ren Zhongyi on Deng Xiaoping and the Reform and Opening in Guangdong),
Yanhuang chunqiu
, no. 8 (2004): 8–17. Interviews with Du Ruizhi, July 17 and November 11, 2006. Du Ruizhi, also a member of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee at the time, attended meetings with Ren Zhongyi, both in Guangdong and Beijing.

38.
Guan Shan, “Ren Zhongyi tan Deng Xiaoping,” pp. 8–17.

39.
Reardon, “China's Coastal Development Strategy, 1979–1984 (I),” pp. 46–58; Discussions with Lawrence Reardon, translator and editor of these documents.

40.
CYNP
, January 5, 1982, p. 287;
DXPNP-2
, January 5, 1982, p. 796.

41.
DXPNP-2
, January 18, 1982.

42.
Guan Shan, “Ren Zhongyi tan Deng Xiaoping,” p. 10.

43.
Wang Shuo, “Teshi teban,” p. 38; see also Lu Di, “Weiren de danshi he xionghuai,” pp. 16–22.

44.
CYNP
, January 25, 1982, pp. 289–290. The English excerpt from the speech replaces the phrase “get out of the cage” with “come out boldly”;
SWCY
, 3:307.

45.
Hence the heading of the section,
er jingong
(literally, “twice entering the palace”). The reference is drawn from a Beijing opera in which a Ming official, once jailed for breaking the law, is released, again commits a crime, and then is called back to the palace and again sent to jail.

46.
CYNP
, February 11–13, 1982. Although I interviewed Ren Zhongyi several times after he retired, he never mentioned the meetings in Beijing nor did he complain about Beijing's pressure. He said only that he had tried to do his best to carry out the party's wishes and to deal with the smuggling and corruption. Information about Ren's summons to Beijing comes from publications by other officials.

47.
Guan Shan, “Ren Zhongyi tan Deng Xiaoping,” p. 14; interviews with Du Ruizhi, July 2006 and November 2006.

48.
Yang Jisheng,
Zhongguo gaige niandai de zhengzhi douzheng
, pp. 238–242; Guan Shan, “Ren Zhongyi tan Deng Xiaoping,” pp. 11–12.

49.
Gu Mu, “Xiaoping lingdao women zhua kaifang,” p. 206.

50.
Wang Shuo, “Teshi teban,” p. 39.

51.
For an account of the case that received the most attention, the Hainan Island car scandal, see Vogel,
One Step Ahead in China.

52.
Lu Di, “Weiren de danshi he xionghuai,” p. 20.

53.
Ibid.

54.
Dong Fureng, ed.,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
(An Economic History of the PRC), 2 vols. (Beijing: Jingji kexue chubanshe, 1999), p. 138.

55.
DXPNP-2
, January 22 to February 17, 1984;
SWDXP-3
, February 24, 1984, p. 61.

56.
DXPNP-2
, January 22 to February 24, 1984.

57.
Ibid., February 14, 1984.

58.
Ibid., February 24, 1984;
SWDXP-3
, pp. 61, 64–65.

59.
Reardon, “China's Coastal Development Strategy, 1979–1984 (II),” pp. 49–66.

60.
Ibid., pp. 49–66.

61.
Gu Mu, “Xiaoping tongzhi lingdao women zhua duiwai kaifang,” 1:152–174.

62.
Notes from my attendance at the games.

15. Economic Readjustment and Rural Reform

1.
As told to Timothy Stratford in late 1990, commercial minister-counselor in the U.S. embassy in Beijing, 1989–1992.

2.
One account of the differences between the planners and the builders can be found in Chen Zhiling, “Yao Yilin,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan yanjiu hui (Research Committee on Chinese Communist Biographies), ed.,
Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan
(Biographies of Chinese Communist Personalities) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2000), 72:1–120.

3.
Kenneth Lieberthal and Michel Oksenberg,
Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 45.

4.
Dorothy J. Solinger, “The Fifth National People's Congress and the Process of Policy Making: Reform, Readjustment, and the Opposition,”
Asian Survey
22, no. 12 (December 1982): 1238–1275; Hua Kuo-Feng, “Unite and Strive to Build a Modern Powerful Socialist Country!”
Peking Review
21, no. 10 (March 10, 1978): 24–26.

5.
Jinglian Wu,
Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform
(Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western, 2005); Wu Li, ed.,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingjishi, 1949–1999
(An Economic History of the People's Republic of China, 1949–1999), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongguo jingji chubanshe, 1999), 1:773; Barry Naughton,
Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 67; Thomas Rawski, “Reforming China's Economy: What Have We Learned?”
China Journal
, no. 41 (January 1999): 139–156.

6.
The Chinese term
guihua
, ordinarily translated as “plan,” is different from
jihua
, though it is also translated as “plan.” I translate the term “ten-year
guihua
” as “ten-year economic vision” because it lays out the goals, similar to the economic “visions” issued by Japan's MITI. The five-year and annual plans
(jihua)
, unlike the
guihua
, specify where the inputs are to come from and precisely where the funds and resources will be used. The ten-year economic vision is drawn up by a separate section of the State Planning Commission.

7.
Naughton,
Growing Out of the Plan
, pp. 70–71.

8.
CYNP
, December 10, 1978;
SWCY
, 3:237–239.

9.
DXPNP-2
, pp. 465–467, January 6, 1979; Xiao Donglian, “1979 nian guomin jingji tiaozheng fangzhen de tichu yu zhenglun” (The Proposal and Debate over the 1979 Economic Readjustment Policy: The First Big Turning Point),
Dangshi bolan
, no. 10 (2004): 4–10.

10.
Denis Fred Simon, “China's Capacity to Assimilate Foreign Technology: An Assessment,” in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee,
China under the Four Modernizations: Selected Papers
, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1982), 1:523; Chae-Jin Lee,
China and Japan: New Economic Diplomacy
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1984), pp. 47–49.

11.
CYNP
, March 14, 1979; March 21–23, 1979;
SWCY
, 3:248–254. The full text can be found in Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Sanzhong quanhui yilai zhongyao wenjian huibian
(Major Documents since the Third Plenum), 2 vols. (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1982), 1:109–147.

12.
Dong Fureng, ed.,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
(An Economic History of the PRC), 2 vols. (Beijing: Jingji kexue chubanshe, 1999), 2:8; Barry Naugton,
The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 2007).

13.
Gene Tidrick and Chen Jiyuan, eds.,
China's Industrial Reform
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 2.

14.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun zishu
(Twelve Springs and Autumns, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun's Autobiography) (Hong Kong: Bozhi chubanshe, 2006), p. 143. Deng Liqun attended the meeting and was one of the drafters of the report. For an account of the Wuxi conference, see Joseph Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 62–68.

15.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, p. 144.

16.
Dong Fureng,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
, 2:8–9.

17.
For a summary of the process of allowing the provinces to “eat in separate kitchens” (by splitting the kitchen, as brothers often did when the parents died), see Susan L. Shirk,
The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 162–175.

18.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, pp. 92–96.

19.
Rong Sheng, “Deng Liqun tan Chen Yun jingji sixiang” (Deng Liqun on Chen Yun's Economic Thinking),
Zhengming
, no. 32 (May 1, 1981): 43–44, translated in JPRS:
China Report, Political, Sociological and Military Affairs
, no. 200 (JPRS 78410), June 29, 1981, pp. 35–40.

20.
Wu Li,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingjishi, 1949–1999
, 1:776.

21.
Benkan teyue jizhe (Special Correspondent), “Gaige chuqi de gongye xue Daqing huodong: Fang Yuan Baohua tongzhi” (Learning from Daqing about Industry at the Beginning of Reform: An Interview with Comrade Yuan Baohua),
Bainianchao
, no. 8 (2002): 9. For an account of Kang Shi'en, see Wen Houwen,
Kang Shi'en zhuan
(A Biography of Kang Shi'en) (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1998).

22.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, pp. 100–109.

23.
Quanguo renda changweihui bangongting yanjiushi (Research Division of the General Office of the Standing Committee of the NPC),
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo renmin daibiao dahui wenxian ziliao huibian, 1949–1990
(Collection of Materials on
the National People's Congresses of the People's Republic of China, 1949–1990) (Beijing: Zhongguo minzhu fazhi chubanshe, 1991), p. 785.

24.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, p. 100.

25.
CYZ
, pp. 1561, 1600.

26.
CYNP
, November 28, 1980. Deng supported Chen in his comments on economic work on October 4, 1979;
DXPNP
-2, October 4, 1979;
SWDXP-2
, pp. 201–208.

27.
CYNP
, December 16, 1980;
SWCY
, 3:275–280; Dong Fureng,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
, 2:25.

28.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 350–368. On November 28, Deng also gave a speech strongly supporting Chen Yun's readjustment policy. See
CYNP
, November 28, 1980, and
DXPNP-2
, November 28, 1980.

29.
Lee,
China and Japan
, pp. 49–50.

30.
DXPNP-2
, September 4, 1980.

31.
Lee,
China and Japan
, p. 62; Ryosei Kokubun, “The Politics of Foreign Economic Policy-Making in China: The Case of Plant Cancellations with Japan,”
The China Quarterly
, no. 105 (March 1986): 19–44;
DXPNP-2
, p. 712, February 12, 1981. See also various discussions with Okita Saburo, August 1983.

32.
Okada Takahiro, “Interview with Okita Saburo,”
Chuo Koron
(April 1981): 116–121; Saburo Okita,
Saburo Okita: A Life in Economic Diplomacy
(Canberra: Australia-Japan Research Centre, Australian National University, 1993), pp. 118–121.

33.
Lee,
China and Japan
, p. 64;
Renmin ribao
(People's Daily), March 13, 14, 15, 1981;
DXPNP-2
, p. 722, March 18, 1981.