Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (155 page)

13.
For a discussion of these think tanks, see ibid. I have also conducted interviews with Du Runsheng (September 2006), Lu Mai (August 2006), Yao Jianfu (August 2006), and Deng Yingtao (October 2003).

14.
Zhonggong zhongyang dangshi yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party History Research Office),
Zhongguo gongchandang xin shiqi lishi dashiji, 1978. 12–2002.5
(A Chronological History of the Chinese Communist Party in the New Period, December 1978–May 2002), rev. ed. (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 2002), March 18, 1982.

15.
Meng Zhen, “Chuguo liuxue 30 nian” (Thirty Years of Foreign Study),
Renmin ribao haiwai ban
(People's Daily Overseas Edition), June 26, 2008, 6.

16.
Deng also supported China's entry into the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which led to better linkages between China and the international financial
community. On October 25, 1981, Deng met with the chairman of the IMF, Jacques de Larosière, and expressed approval for cooperation;
DXPNP-2
, October 25, 1981.

17.
Edwin Lim, “Learning and Working with the Giants,” in Indermit S. Gill and Todd Pugatch,
At the Frontlines of Development: Reflections from the World Bank
(Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2005), pp. 89–119; Edwin Lim, “Xuyan: Zhongguo gaige kaifang guochengzhong de duiwai sixiang kaifang” (Preface: Thoughts on Opening to the Outside during the Process of China's Reform and Opening), in Wu Jinglian, ed.,
Zhongguo jingji 50 ren kan sanshi nian: Huigu yu fenxi
(Fifty Chinese Economists Look at the Thirty Years: Reflections and Analysis) (Beijing: Zhongguo jingji chubanshe, 2008); Pieter Bottelier, “China and the World Bank: How the Partnership Was Built,” working paper 277, Stanford Center for International Development, April 2006; Robert McNamara,
Oral History Recording
, October 3, 1991, pp. 16–18, as related by Edwin Lim, interview, August 2009. For a broader context of China's negotiations on participation in the IMF and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as well as the World Bank, see Harold K. Jacobson and Michel Oksenberg,
China's Participation in the IMF, the World Bank, and GATT: Toward a Global Economic Order
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990).

18.
The mission was officially headed by Shahid Husain, regional vice president for East Asia at the World Bank, but work on China, including the team in China, was headed by Edwin Lim. See Jacobson and Oksenberg,
China's Participation in the IMF, the World Bank and GATT.

19.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, p. 130.

20.
Edwin Lim et al.,
China, Long-Term Development Issues and Options: The Report of a Mission Sent to China by the World Bank
(Baltimore: Published for the World Bank by the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985). The report includes specialized volumes on education, agriculture, energy, transport, economic projections, and the economic structure.

21.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, p. 137. This Moganshan conference was held September 3 to September 10, 1984.

22.
Saburo Okita,
Saburo Okita: A Life in Economic Diplomacy
(Canberra: Australia-Japan Research Centre, Australian National University, 1993), pp. 112–123; discussions with Shimok
be Atsushi, August 1991.

23.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun zishu
(Twelve Springs and Autumns, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun's Autobiography) (Hong Kong: Bozhi chubanshe, 2006), pp. 125–126. In visits to Chinese factory floors in 1987–1988, I observed many posters in factories outlining key principles and giving ratings to various groups based on their performance in following the Japanese examples.

24.
Ibid., pp. 125–126, 156.

25.
Chae-Jin Lee,
China and Japan: New Economic Diplomacy
(Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1984), p. 138; Okita,
Saburo Okita: A Life in Economic Diplomacy.

26.
Dong Fureng, ed.,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
(An Economic History of the PRC), 2 vols. (Beijing: Jingji kexue chubanshe, 1999), 2:152–153.

27.
CYNP
, June 30, 1983;
DXPNP-2
, June 30, 1983.

28.
DXPNP-2
, December 22, 1983.

29.
Ibid., June 30, 1984;
SWDXP-3
, pp. 72–75.

30.
Naughton,
Growing Out of the Plan.

31.
Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Shierda yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian
(Selection of Important Documents since the 12th Party Congress), 3 vols. (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1986), 2:610–619; Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 545–557; Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, pp. 137–138.

32.
Xiaokang Su and Luxiang Wang,
Deathsong of the River: A Reader's Guide to the Chinese TV Series “Heshang”
(Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 1991).

33.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 90–99.

34.
Jinglian Wu,
Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform
(Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western, 2005), pp. 357–369; Dong Fureng,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
, 2:310–311.

35.
Wu,
Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform
, p. 357.

36.
Barry Naughton, “False Starts and Second Wind: Financial Reforms in China's Industrial System,” in Elizabeth J. Perry and Christine Wong, eds.,
The Political Economy of Reform in Post-Mao China
(Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1985), pp. 223–252; David Bachman, “Implementing Chinese Tax Policy,” in David M. Lampton, ed.,
Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 119–153; Penelope B. Prime, “Taxation Reform in China's Public Finance,” in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee,
China's Economic Dilemmas in the 1990s: The Problems of Reforms, Modernization and Interdependence
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991; and Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), pp. 167–185.

37.
CYNP
, February 18, 1985.

38.
Dong Fureng,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
, 2:311–312; Wu,
Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform
, pp. 363, 949–952.

39.
DXPNP-2
, January 23, 1985.

40.
Interviews with Guangdong officials, n.d.

41.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, p. 152; Richard Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 181–182.

42.
Ezra F. Vogel,
One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong under Reform
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 291–294.

43.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, p. 153.

44.
DXPNP-2
, June 29 and August 1, 1985.

45.
SWCY
, 3:340–344;
CYNP
, 3:383–384.

46.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 144–150.

47.
Ibid., p. 203.

48.
Ziyang Zhao,
Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang
, trans. and ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 122–123.

49.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 257–258, May 19, 1988.

50.
Ibid.

51.
Dong Fureng,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
, 2:316.

52.
Wu Guoguang,
Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige
(Political Reform under Zhao Ziyang) (Hong Kong: Taipingyang shiji yanjiusuo, 1997), pp. 526–531.

53.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 271–272;
DXPNP-2
, September 12, 1988.

54.
Wu,
Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform
, p. 368.

55.
Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, p. 228.

56.
CYNP
, October 10, 1988.

57.
Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office), ed.,
Shisanda yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian
(Selection of Important Documents since the 13th Party Congress), 3 vols. (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1991–1993), 1:253–255.

58.
Dong Fureng,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
, 2:321–322; Wu,
Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Economic Reform
, p. 369.

59.
For a fuller statement of many of these differences, see William H. Overholt,
The Rise of China: How Economic Reform Is Creating a New Superpower
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1993), pp. 32–45.

17. One Country, Two Systems

1.
For an account of China's territorial disputes, see M. Taylor Fravel,
Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008).

2.
For general background on Taiwan and the issues between China and the United States, see Ralph Clough,
Island China
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978); Nancy Bernkopf Tucker,
Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States, 1945–1992: Uncertain Friendships
(New York: Twayne, 1994); Robert S. Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969–1989
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995); Richard C. Bush,
Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2005); Michel Oksenberg, “Taiwan, Tibet, and Hong Kong in Sino-American Relations,” in Ezra F. Vogel, ed.,
Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-first Century
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), pp. 53–96; Alan D. Romberg,
Rein in at the Brink of the Precipice: American Policy toward Taiwan and U.S.-PRC Relations
(Washington,
D.C.: Henry L. Stimson Center, 2003); and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker,
Strait Talk: United States–Taiwan Relations and the Crisis with China
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009).

3.
DXPJW
, 3:141, January 1, 1979.

4.
Ibid., 3:151, January 9, 1979.

5.
Ibid., 3:164–166, January 16, 1980.

6.
DXPNP-2
, January 9, 1979; Robert Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong: The Secret Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat
(London: John Murray, 1993); Carter Administration China Policy Oral History Project, Leonard Woodcock–Michel Oksenberg Tapes (LWMOT), tape 19, p. 21. Michel Oksenberg and Leonard Woodcock, after leaving office, met for thirty-nine sessions from the fall of 1981 through the summer of 1982 to record and preserve for history their account of the normalization process.

7.
Robert A. Madsen, “Chinese Chess: U.S. China Policy and Taiwan, 1969–1979,” Ph.D. thesis, Trinity College, Oxford University, 1999, pp. 274–275.

8.
Tucker,
Strait Talk
, p. 108.