Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (156 page)

9.
Conversation with former British prime minister Edward Heath,
DXPNP-2
, September 10, 1983.

10.
Tucker,
Strait Talk
, pp. 132–133.

11.
James Lilley with Jeffrey Lilley,
China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), pp. 218–220. See also John H. Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide: An Insider's Account of Normalization of U.S.-China Relations
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), pp. 197–198.

12.
SWDXP-2
, pp. 371–372;
DXPJW
, 3:181–185.

13.
Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide
, pp. 199–201.

14.
NCNA, September 30, 1981.

15.
DXPNP-2
, June 16, 1981.

16.
Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation
, p. 182.

17.
Kuan Yew Lee,
From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000
(New York: Harper Collins, 2000), pp. 527–531.

18.
Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation
, pp. 184–185; Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide
, pp. 211–215; Alexander M. Haig, Jr.,
Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy
(New York: Macmillan, 1984); Patrick Tyler,
A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China: An Investigative History
(New York: PublicAffairs, 1999).

19.
Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide
, pp. 211–215; Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation
, pp. 186–187.

20.
Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide
, pp. 215–222.

21.
Ibid., pp. 222–226. Holdridge accompanied George H. W. Bush on this trip.

22.
For similar interpretations, see ibid., p. 240; Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation
, pp. 190–258.

23.
The detailed negotiations on the agreement were conducted between Ambassador
Hummel and his Chinese counterparts in Beijing. On the Chinese side, they were sent to Deng for approval.

24.
Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide
, pp. 230–241; Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation
, pp. 189–200. These three communiqués are reprinted in Ross,
Negotiating Cooperation
, pp. 265–272 and Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide
, pp. 263–279.

25.
DXPNP-2
, April 26, 1984.

26.
Interview with U.S. Defense Department official Eden Woon, December 2008.

27.
Lee,
From Third World to First
, pp. 677–679.

28.
Qi Pengfei,
Deng Xiaoping yu Xianggang huigui
(Deng Xiaoping and the Return of Hong Kong) (Beijing: Huaxia chubanshe, 2004), p. 66.

29.
Ibid. For work on Hong Kong more generally, see Zong Daoyi et al., eds.,
Zhou Nan kou shu: Shenzai ji feng zhou yu zhong
(Zhou Nan's Oral History: In the Middle of Heavy Rains and Strong Winds) (Hong Kong: Sanlian shudian, 2007), pp. 265–267. For discussions on Hong Kong I am especially indebted to Sir David Wilson, Sin Por Shiu, and Dalena Wright for sharing their deep knowledge of developments in Hong Kong.

30.
Qi Pengfei,
Deng Xiaoping yu Xianggang huigui
, p. 56.

31.
Christine Loh,
Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong
(Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010).

32.
Sin Por Shiu, “The Macao Formula and an Assessment of the Sino-British Negotiations over Hong Kong,” unpublished paper, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, May 2006; Steve Shipp,
Macau, China: A Political History of the Portuguese Colony's Transition to Chinese Rule
(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1997).

33.
Qi Pengfei,
Deng Xiaoping yu Xianggang huigui
, pp. 56–57.

34.
Ibid., p. 248.

35.
Interview with Edgar Cheng, son-in-law of Y. K. Pao, who often accompanied Y. K. Pao on visits with Deng, November 2008.

36.
Documents written later stress the consistency and continuity of Deng's policy; some even suggest that he had already decided about the return of Hong Kong. But no documents issued at the time support such a view. The issue was not yet settled.

37.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 38–40.

38.
Qi Pengfei,
Deng Xiaoping yu Xianggang huigui
, pp. 65–66.

39.
Xu Jiatun, the highest Communist official in Hong Kong, reports that in 1983 there were 6,000 party members in Hong Kong. See Jiatun Xu, “Selections from Serialized Memoirs,”
Lianhebao
, translated in JPRS-CAR, 93-050, 93-070, 93-073, 93-091, 94-001, 94-010, 94-016, and 94-017, 1993–1994, and later published as Xu Jiatun,
Xu Jiatun Xianggang huiyilu
(Xu Jiatun's Reminiscences of Hong Kong), 2 vols. (Taipei: Lianjing chubanshe, 1993).

40.
This is clear in the writings of Xu Jiatun, who dared to give Beijing a more accurate view of Hong Kong opinion in the early 1980s. Xu Jiatun,
Xu Jiatun Xiang-gang huiyilu
.

41.
Sin Por Shiu, “The Macao Formula,” pp. 14–15.

42.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 54–55.

43.
Percy Cradock,
Experiences of China
(London: John Murray, 1994).

44.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, p. 56.

45.
Ibid., p. 57.

46.
DXPNP-2
, April 3, 1981.

47.
Xu, “Selections from Serialized Memoirs.”

48.
Qi Pengfei,
Deng Xiaoping yu Xianggang huigui
, p. 70; Sin Por Shiu, “The Macao Formula,” p. 21.

49.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 66–67.

50.
Ibid., pp. 67–68.

51.
Sin Por Shiu, “The Macao Formula,” p. 22. See also
DXPNP-2
, May 21, June 2, September 24, 1982.

52.
Qi Pengfei, “Deng Xiaoping yu Xianggang ‘hou guodu shiqi’ de zhong ying waijiao douzheng” (Deng Xiaoping and Hong Kong: The Sino-British Diplomatic Struggle over the Post-Transition Period),
Dangdai Zhongguo shi yanjiu
, no. 4 (2004): 59–71.

53.
DXPNP-2
, April 6, 1982.

54.
Interview with Sir Alan Donald, political adviser in Hong Kong, 1974–1977, ambassador in Beijing, 1988–1991, and undersecretary in London in charge of planning for the Thatcher visit in 1982, November 2007.

55.
Ibid.

56.
Frank Ching,
Hong Kong and China: “One Country, Two Systems”
(New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1996), pp. 11–12; Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 85–86.

57.
Cradock,
Experiences of China
, p. 179. In her memoirs, Thatcher describes the session with Deng as a dramatic confrontation; see Margaret Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
(New York: HarperCollins, 1993). The diplomats present, however, report that both sides gave careful, unemotional presentations that were well within the bounds of normal diplomatic discussions.

58.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 87–88.

59.
Ibid., p. 88; interview with Sir Alan Donald.

60.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 23–25.

61.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, p. 89.

62.
Ibid., p. 87.

63.
Ching,
Hong Kong and China
, p. 11; interview with Sir Alan Donald.

64.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 91–92.

65.
Ibid., p. 89.

66.
Ibid., pp. 94, 97.

67.
Ibid., pp. 99–102.

68.
Ibid., pp. 101–107; Mark Roberti,
The Fall of Hong Kong: China's Triumph and Britain's Betrayal
(New York: J. Wiley, 1994), p. 64; interview with Sir Alan Donald.

69.
Xu Jiatun,
Xu Jiatun Xianggang huiyilu
, 1:1–12.

70.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 113–114.

71.
Xu Jiatun,
Xu Jiatun Xianggang huiyilu
, 1:3; Xu Jiatun,
Xu Jiatun huiyi yu suixiang lu
(Xu Jiatun's Reminiscences and Record of His Random Thoughts) (Brampton, Ont.: Mingjing chubanshe, 1998).

72.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 113–114.

73.
Roberti,
The Fall of Hong Kong
, p. 155.

74.
Xu, “Selections from Serialized Memoirs,”
Lianhebao
, May 14, 1993, translated in JPRS-CAR, 93-056, July 16, 1993.

75.
Ibid., May 27, 1993, translated in JPRS-CAR, 93-050, July 16, 1993. The local pun was that private business was the “United Nations,” because the term for United Nations
“lianheguo”
could mean linked, amalgamated, or nationalized, i.e., appropriated.

76.
Xu Jiatun,
Xu Jiatun Xianggang huiyili
, 1:12–28.

77.
DXPNP-2
, September 10, 1983.

78.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 129–132; Ching,
Hong Kong and China
, pp. 19–20.

79.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 132–146.

80.
DXPNP-2
, April 18, 1984, pp. 970–971.

81.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 148–153.

82.
Xu, “Selections from Serialized Memoirs,”
Lianhebao
, June 1, 1993, translated in JPRS-CAR, 93-070, September 21, 1993; Roberti,
The Fall of Hong Kong
, pp. 92–93;
DXPNP-2
, p. 978, May 25, 1984.

83.
Zong Daoyi et al.,
Zhou Nan koushu
, pp. 263–269;
SWDXP-3
, June 22–23, 1984, pp. 68–71.

84.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 154–174.

85.
Ibid., pp. 163–174; Ching,
Hong Kong and China
, p. 27.

86.
The text of the Joint Statement and the annex are included in Ching,
Hong Kong and China
, pp. 81–96, and in Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 205–223.

87.
DXPNP-2
, October 3, 1984, pp. 988–989;
SWDXP-3
, October 3, 1984, pp. 80–84.

88.
Cottrell,
The End of Hong Kong
, pp. 106–109, 199–204; Roberti,
The Fall of Hong Kong
, pp. 125–126.

89.
DXPNP-2
, July 5, 1985; Roberti,
The Fall of Hong Kong
, pp. 145–148.

90.
Li Hou,
Bainian quru shide zhongjie: Xianggang wenti shimo
(The End of the Hundred Years of Humiliation: The Hong Kong Issue from Beginning to End) (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1997), pp. 170–171.

91.
Roberti,
The Fall of Hong Kong
, pp. 191–192.

92.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 214–220; Li Hou,
Bainian quru shide zhongjie
, pp. 172–173.

93.
Li Hou,
Bainian quru shide zhongjie
, p. 185.

94.
SWDXP-3
, p. 340.