Fields of Blood (90 page)

49.
Crooke,
Resistance,
pp. 175–82.

50.
Ibid., pp. 183–87.

51.
Robert Pape,
Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism
(New York, 2005), pp. xiii, 22.

52.
Ehud Sprinzak,
The Ascendance of Israel’s Far Right
(Oxford and New York, 1991), p. 97. In the event, only two of the targeted mayors were wounded.

53.
Ibid., pp. 94–95.

54.
Ibid., p. 96; Aviezar Ravitsky,
Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism,
trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman (Chicago and London, 1993), pp. 133–34.

55.
Sprinzak,
Ascendance,
pp. 97–98.

56.
Gideon Aran, “Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms Observed,
pp. 267–68.

57.
Mekhilta on Exodus 20:13; M. Pirke Aboth 6:6; B. Horayot 13a; B. Sanhedrin 4:5.

58.
Sprinzak,
Ascendance,
pp. 121, 220.

59.
Amartya Sen,
Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny
(London and New York, 2006).

60.
Raphael Mergui and Philippe Simonnot,
Israel’s Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel
(London, 1987), p. 45.

61.
Tom Segev,
The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust,
trans. Haim Watzman (New York, 1991), pp. 515–17.

62.
Sprinzak,
Ascendance,
p. 221.

63.
Ehud Sprinzak, “Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms and the State,
pp. 479, 480.

64.
Ellen Posman, “History, Humiliation, and Religious Violence,” in Andrew R. Murphy, ed.,
The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence
(Chichester, UK, 2011), pp. 336–37, 339.

65.
Sudhir Kakar,
The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict
(Chicago and London, 1996), p. 15.

66.
Daniel Gold, “Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation,” in Marty and Appleby,
Fundamentalisms Observed,
pp. 532, 572–73.

67.
Kakar,
Colors of Violence,
pp. 48–51.

68.
Paul R. Brass,
Communal Riots in Post-Independence India
(Seattle, 2003), pp. 66–67.

69.
Kakar,
Colors of Violence,
pp. 154–57, 158.

70.
David Cook,
Understanding Jihad
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2005), p. 114.

71.
Beverley Milton-Edwards,
Islamic Politics in Palestine
(London and New York, 1996), pp. 73–116, 118.

72.
Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 114.

73.
Samuel C. Heilman, “Guides of the Faithful: Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis,” in R. Scott Appleby, ed.,
Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East
(Chicago, 1997), pp. 352–53, 354.

74.
Glenn E. Robinson,
Building a Palestinian State: The Incomplete Revolution
(Bloomington, IN, 1997); Jeroen Gunning, “Rethinking Religion and Violence in the Middle East,” in Murphy,
Blackwell Companion,
p. 519.

75.
Gunning, “Rethinking Religion and Violence,” pp. 518–19.

76.
Milton-Edwards,
Islamic Politics,
p. 148.

77.
Anne Marie Oliver and Paul F. Steinberg,
The Road to Martyrs’ Square: A Journey to the World of the Suicide Bomber
(Oxford, 2005), p. 71.

78.
Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 116.

79.
The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement,
sec. 1, cited in John L. Esposito,
Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam
(Oxford, 2002), p. 96.

80.
Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 116.

81.
Covenant,
Section 1, in Esposito,
Unholy War,
p. 96.

82.
Talal Asad,
On Suicide Bombing: The Wellek Lectures
(New York, 2007), pp. 46–47.

83.
Dr. Abdul Aziz Reutizi, in Anthony Shehad,
Legacy of the Prophet: Despots, Democrats, and the New Politics of Islam
(Boulder, CO, 2001), p. 124.

84.
Esposito,
Unholy War,
pp. 97–98.

85.
Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,”
Atlantic Monthly
(September 2, 1990); Bruce Hoffman,
Inside Terrorism
(New York, 2006).

86.
Gunner, “Rethinking Religion and Violence,” p. 516.

87.
Asad,
Suicide Bombing,
p. 50.

88.
Pape,
Dying to Win,
p. 130. These figures differ slightly from those quoted earlier from another survey, but both arrive at the same general conclusion.

89.
Robert Pape, “Dying to Kill Us,”
New York Times,
September 22, 2003.

90.
May Jayyusi, “Subjectivity and Public Witness: An Analysis of Islamic Militance in Palestine,” unpublished paper (2004), quoted in Asad,
Suicide Bombing.

91.
Gunning, “Rethinking Religion and Violence,” pp. 518–19.

92.
Oliver and Steinberg,
Road to Martyr’s Square,
p. 120.

93.
Ibid., pp. 101–2; Gunning, “Rethinking Religion and Violence,” pp. 518–19.

94.
Oliver and Steinberg,
Road to Martyr’s Square,
p. 31.

95.
Roxanne Euben, “Killing (for) Politics: Jihad, Martyrdom, Political Action,”
Political Theory
30 (2002): 9, 49.

96.
Judges 16:23–31.

97.
John Milton,
Samson Agonistes,
lines 1710–11.

98.
Ibid., lines 1721–24.

99.
Ibid., lines 1754–55.

100.
Asad,
Suicide Bombing,
pp. 74–75.

101.
Ibid., p. 63.

102.
Bourke, “Barbarisation vs. Civilisation,” p. 21.

103.
Jacqueline Rose, “Deadly Embrace,”
London Review of Books
26, no. 21 (November 4, 2004).

1.
Jason Burke,
Al-Qaeda
(London, 2003), pp. 72–75; Thomas Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism Since 1979
(Cambridge, UK, 2010), pp. 7–8, 40–42; Gilles Kepel,
Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam,
trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), pp. 144–47; Lawrence Wright,
The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda’s Road to 9
/
11
(New York, 2006), pp. 95–101; David Cook,
Understanding Jihad
(Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2005), pp. 128–31.

2.
Abdullah Azzam, “The Last Will of ‘Abdallah Yusuf’ Azzam, Who Is Poor unto His Lord,” dictated April 20, 1986, at
www.alribat.com
, September 27, 2001; trans. amended by Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 130.

3.
Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
p. 75.

4.
Andrew Preston,
Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy
(New York and Toronto, 2012), p. 585.

5.
Kepel,
Jihad,
pp. 137–40, 147–49; Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
pp. 58–62; Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia,
pp. 58–60.

6.
Abdullah Azzam, “Martyrs: The Building Blocks of Nations,” in Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 129.

7.
Ibid.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Azzam, “Last Will of ‘Abdullah Yusuf’ Azzam,” p. 130.

10.
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam,
Join the Caravan
(Birmingham, UK, n.d.).

11.
Wright,
Looming Tower,
pp. 96, 130.

12.
Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia.
pp. 8–37, 229–33.

13.
Natana J. DeLong-Bas,
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
(Cairo, 2005), pp. 35, 194–96, 203–11, 221–24.

14.
Hamid Algar,
Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
(Oneonta, NY, 2002).

15.
DeLong-Bas,
Wahhabi Islam,
pp. 247–56; Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 74.

16.
Kepel,
Jihad,
pp. 57–59, 69–86; Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
pp. 56–60; John Esposito,
Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam
(Oxford, 2002), pp. 106–10.

17.
Kepel,
Jihad,
pp. 71, 70.

18.
Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia,
pp. 19–24.

19.
Ibid., pp. 60–64.

20.
Al-Quds al-Arabi,
March, 20, 2005, quoted ibid., p. 61.

21.
Ibid., pp. 61–62.

22.
Ibid., p. 64.

23.
Michael A. Sells,
The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1996), pp. 154, 9, 29–52, 1–3.

24.
Ibid., pp. 72–79, 117.

25.
Chris Hedges,
War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning
(New York, 2003), p. 9.

26.
New York Times,
October 18, 1995; Sells,
Bridge Betrayed,
p. 10.

27.
S. Burg, “The International Community and the Yugoslav Crisis,” in Milton Eshman and Shibley Telhami, eds.,
International Organization of Ethnic Conflict
(Ithaca, NY, 1994); David Rieff,
Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West
(New York, 1995).

28.
Thomas L. Friedman, “Allies,”
New York Times,
June 7, 1995.

29.
Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
pp. 119–21.

30.
Mahmoun Fandy,
Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent
(New York, 1999), p. 183.

31.
Kepel,
Jihad,
pp. 223–26.

32.
Cook,
Understanding Islam,
pp. 135–36; Marc Sageman,
Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century
(Philadelphia, 2008), pp. 44–46; Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
pp. 118–35.

33.
Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia,
pp. 229–30.

34.
Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
pp. 7–8.

35.
Esposito,
Unholy War,
pp. 14, 6, 8.

36.
Kepel,
Jihad,
pp. 13–14.

37.
Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
pp. 161–64; DeLong-Bas,
Wahhabi Islam,
pp. 276–77.

38.
Esposito,
Unholy War,
pp. 21–22; Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
pp. 175–76.

39.
Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia,
pp. 102–3.

40.
Osama bin Laden, “Hunting the Enemy,” in Esposito,
Unholy War,
p. 24.

41.
Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
p. 163.

42.
Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia,
pp. 133–41.

43.
Matthew Purdy and Lowell Bergman, “Where the Trail Led: Between Evidence and Suspicion; Unclear Danger: Inside the Lackawanna Terror Case,”
New York Times,
October 12, 2003.

44.
Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 150; Sageman,
Leaderless Jihad,
p. 81.

45.
Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
pp. 136–41.

46.
Abu Daud,
Sunan
(Beirut, 1988), 4:108 n. 4297, ibid., p. 137.

47.
Quran 2:249; Burke,
Al-Qaeda,
pp. 24–25.

48.
Quran 2:194; communiqué from Qaidat al-Jihad, April 24, 2002; Cook,
Understanding Jihad,
p. 178.

49.
Sageman,
Leaderless Jihad,
pp. 81–82.

50.
Marc Sageman,
Understanding Terror Networks
(Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 103–8.

51.
Sageman,
Leaderless Jihad,
pp. 59–60.

52.
Ibid., pp. 28, 57.

53.
Timothy McDermott,
Perfect Soldiers: The 9/11 Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It
(New York, 2005), p. 65.

54.
Fraser Egerton,
Jihad in the West: The Rise of Militant Salafism
(Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 155–56.

55.
Sageman,
Understanding Terror Networks,
p. 105.

56.
Anthony Giddens,
The Consequences of Modernity
(Cambridge, UK, 1991), p. 53.

57.
Bin Laden, “Hunting the Enemy,” p. 23.

58.
Andrew Sullivan, “This
Is
a Religious War,”
New York Times Magazine,
October 7, 2001.

59.
Cavanaugh,
Myth of Religious Violence,
p. 204.

60.
Emmanuel Sivan, “The Crusades Described by Modern Arab Historiography,”
Asian and African Studies
8 (1972).

61.
Hegghammer,
Jihad in Saudi Arabia,
pp. 104–5.

62.
Two other copies were found: one in the car used by one of the hijackers before he boarded American Airlines Flight 77 in Washington, the other at the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93 in Pennsylvania.

63.
The translated text is found in Bruce Lincoln, Appendix A, “Final Instructions to the Hijackers of September, 11, Found in the Luggage of Muhammad Atta and Two Other Copies,” in
Holy Terrors: Thinking About Religion After September 11
, 2nd ed. (Chicago, 2006). See, for example, para. 10, p. 98; para. 24, p. 100; para. 30, p. 101.