Gallipoli (104 page)

20.
Ashmead-Bartlett,
The Uncensored Dardanelles
, p. 45,
https://openlibrary.org/books
.

21.
The Men of Anzac, p. 1.

22.
Ashmead-Bartlett,
The Uncensored Dardanelles
, p. 45,
https://openlibrary.org/books
.

23.
Winter,
25 April 1915
, p. 94.

24.
Ibid., p. 92.

25.
Aker, S., ‘
Çanakkale-Arıburnu Savaşları ve 27. Alay
(Çanakkale-Arıburnu Battles and the 27th Regiment)', in Martı,
Çanakkale Hatiraları
(
Çanakkale Memoirs
), Vol. I, p. 202. I have added the exclamation mark, on the grounds that, under the circumstances, I cannot believe he said it any other way!

26.
Ibid.

27.
Ibid., pp. 202–3.

28.
Stoker, p. 107.

29.
Broadbent,
Gallipoli
, p. 55.

30.
Bell, ‘History of the Ninth Battalion AIF', SLQ OM64-5/517 26.

31.
Winter, p. 92.

32.
The Advertiser
(Adelaide), ‘Australians Win Imperishable Fame', 8 May 1915, p. 15,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

33.
Ashmead-Bartlett,
The Uncensored Dardanelles
, p. 46,
https://openlibrary.org/books
.

34.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 249.

35.
Margetts to his Parents, 23 May 1915, AWM 1DRL/0478, Item 2, p. 2.

36.
Stoker, p. 58.

37.
No Standard Operations Procedure for E Class submarines has survived from this time. The information given regarding the operations of the
AE2
, including the dialogue used and ordering procedures, is a verbal reconstruction arrived at by subject-matter consultant Hugh Dolan, and as a result of extensive conversations with officers formerly serving Australian Oberon and Collins Class submarines.

38.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 252.

39.
Ibid.

40.
Winter, p. 94.

41.
Ibid., p. 95.

42.
Örnek and Toker,
Gallipoli
, p. 19.

43.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 254.

44.
This hope is recorded in Norris, War Narrative (‘There and Back'), 11 April 1914–18 November 1916, ML MSS 2933/Item 3, p. 29.

45.
Aker, S., ‘
Çanakkale-Arıburnu Savaşları ve 27. Alay
(Çanakkale-Arıburnu Battles and the 27th Regiment)', in Martı, Vol. I, p. 203.

46.
Winter, p. 95.

47.
For several reasons – companies of battalions being landed in different locations, unsynchronised watches, the exigencies of war and the fact that war diaries and memoirs were written in retrospect – it is difficult to determine the precise landing time of the first Anzacs, and indeed all three AIF Brigades more broadly. For example, the 3rd Brigade's landing times differ between the Brigade and Battalion War Diaries: the 9th Battalion does not give a landing time, the 10th Battalion records 4.15 am, 11th Battalion 4.30 am, and 12th Battalion 4.10 am. Charles Bean records the time of the first landing as 4.30 am (
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 253). As a solution, I have used the 3rd Brigade War Diary landing times as a guide to when its battalions
began to land
. As such, the first battleship tows land
from
4.15 am (3rd Brigade War Diary, April 1915, AWM 4, 23/3/2, p. 19).

48.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 255.

49.
10th Infantry Battalion War Diary, 25 April 1915, AWM4 23/27/2, pp. 2–4.

50.
The Register
(Adelaide), ‘Thirteenth Anniversary', 25 April 1928, p. 10,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

51.
Cameron,
25 April 1915
, p. 58.

52.
Beevor, Diary, April 1915, AWM MSS0761, p. 11. There is no specific date given for this entry. It is assumed that it was written some time after the landings in April.

53.
Ibid., p. 12.

54.
Ibid.

55.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 256.

56.
The West Australian
, ‘The Australians at Gallipoli', 13 July 1915, p. 9,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

57.
The Register
(Adelaide), ‘Thirteenth Anniversary', 25 April 1928, p. 10,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

58.
The Advertiser
(Adelaide), ‘The War: Letters from the Front', 7 July 1915, p. 13,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

59.
Ataksor,
Çanakkale Raporu
(
Çanakkale Report
), p. 120.

60.
Beevor, Diary, April 1915, AWM MSS0761, p. 13.

61.
Ibid (reported speech changed to direct speech).

62.
Ibid., pp. 13–14.

63.
Ibid., p. 14.

64.
Ibid.

65.
Mercury
(Hobart), 3 July 1915, p. 5.

66.
Ibid.

67.
Örnek and Toker, p. 19.

68.
Hogue,
Trooper Bluegum at the Dardanelles
, p. 74,
https://archive.org
.

69.
Winter, p. 94.

70.
Aker, S., ‘
Çanakkale-Arıburnu Savaşları ve 27. Alay
(Çanakkale-Arıburnu Battles and the 27th Regiment)', in Martı, Vol. I, pp. 214–15.

71.
Ibid., p. 215.

CHAPTER NINE: 'MIDST THE THUNDER AND TUMULT

1.
Silas, Diary, 5 May 1915, ML MSS 1840, p. 55,
http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au
.

2.
Stoker,
Straws in the Wind
, p. 109.

3.
Beevor, Diary, April 1915, AWM MSS0761, p. 14.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Ibid. (past tense changed to present tense).

6.
This is my assumption, based on expert medical advice, as to what such a hard blow to the head would do to a soldier in this circumstance.

7.
Hamilton, Ian,
Gallipoli Diary
, Vol. I, p. 128,
https://openlibrary.org/books
.

8.
Ibid.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Ibid., pp. 128–9.

11.
Ibid., p. 129.

12.
Gunner Bill Greer, 1st Battery, Australian Field Artillery, Track 2, in Sailah,
Stories from Gallipoli
, ABC Audio.

13.
The sunrise was at 5.24 am on the morning of 25 April 1915 (
www.sydneyobservatory.com.au/2012/the-moon-and-the-sun-and-the-landing-at-anzac-cove-on-25-april-1915
).

14.
Bean, War Diary, 25 April 1915, AWM38, 3DRL606/5/1, April–May 1915, p. 20.

15.
Cameron,
25 April 1915
, p. 34.

16.
The Register
(Adelaide), ‘Thirteenth Anniversary', 25 April 1928, p. 10,
http://trove.nla.gov.au
.

17.
Mercury
(Hobart), 3 July 1915, p. 5.

18.
It has proved difficult to match records at the Australian War Memorial with Oliver Hogue's recollection, but the closest fit is Edwin Haskins Burne.

19.
Hogue,
Trooper Bluegum at the Dardanelles
, p. 67,
https://archive.org
.

20.
Firkins,
The Australians in Nine Wars
, p. 40.

21.
Eşref, R., ‘Anafarta Kumandanı Mustafa Kemal ile Mülakat (Interview with Mustafa Kemal, Commander of the Anafarta Group)', in Martı,
Çanakkale Hatiraları
(
Çanakkale Memoirs
), Vol. III, p. 21.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Ibid. (reported speech changed to direct speech).

24.
Örnek and Toker,
Gallipoli
, p. 22.

25.
Sabri,
Seddülbahir' in Ilk Şanlı Müdafaası
(
The First Glorious Defence of Seddülbahir
), p. 4.

26.
Örnek and Toker, p. 23.

27.
Sabri, p. 4.

28.
Aker, S., ‘
Çanakkale-Arıburnu Savaşları ve 27. Alay
(Çanakkale-Arıburnu Battles and the 27th Regiment)', in Martı, Vol. I, p. 216 (reported speech changed to direct speech).

29.
Ibid., p. 220.

30.
Ibid., p. 221.

31.
It is in fact 590 feet high.

32.
Charles Bean, interview with Brigadier-General J. W. McCay, Notebook, 1920, AWM38, 3DRL 606/28A/1, p. 4,
www.awm.gov.au
.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Ibid. Major Walter Cass, Brigade-Major of the 2nd Brigade, who ‘distinctly remembers' hearing this key conversation, later recalled a slightly different version. According to his recollection, after landing, he and Colonel McCay had met MacLagan by chance on the beach. Here MacLagan had said, ‘Well McCay, the position is this, I've gone to the left following the enemy instead of to the right. If you can change your plans and go to the right then it will settle the difficulty and things will be alright …': Cass, ‘Early Events of the 2nd Infantry Brigade at Anzac, 25/04/1915', AWM 3DRL 8042, Item 6.

35.
Aker, S., ‘
Çanakkale-Arıburnu Savaşları ve 27. Alay
(Çanakkale-Arıburnu Battles and the 27th Regiment)', in Martı, Vol. I, pp. 226–7.

36.
Hamilton, Ian,
Gallipoli Diary
, Vol. I, p. 133,
https://openlibrary.org/books
.

37.
Carlyon,
Gallipoli
, p. 204.

38.
Hamilton, Ian,
Gallipoli Diary
, Vol. I, pp. 133–4,
https://openlibrary.org/books
.

39.
McCarthy,
Gallipoli to the Somme
, p. 116.

40.
This is consistent with the formulaic manner of speaking for both the Royal Navy and the Australian Navy at the time.

41.
Stoker,
Straws in the Wind
, p. 108.

42.
This is consistent with the formulaic manner of speaking for both the Royal Navy and the Australian Navy at the time.

43.
No Standard Operations Procedure for E Class submarines has survived from this time. The information given regarding the operations of the
AE2
, including the dialogue used and ordering procedures, is a verbal reconstruction arrived at by subject-matter consultant Hugh Dolan, and as a result of extensive conversations with officers formerly serving Australian Oberon and Collins Class submarines.

44.
As above.

45.
Stoker, p. 111.

46.
Ibid.

47.
Verbal reconstruction (see note above).

48.
Stoker, p. 112.

49.
Knaggs, Diary, 25 April 1915, AWM PR85/096, p. 5 (reported speech changed to direct speech).

50.
Verbal reconstruction (see note above).

51.
Knaggs, Diary, 25 April 1915, AWM PR85/096, p. 5 (reported speech changed to direct speech).

52.
Verbal reconstruction (see note above).

53.
As above.

54.
Stoker, p. 112.

55.
Ibid., p. 113.

56.
Wheat, narrative, ML MSS 3054, Item 3, p. 15.

57.
Knaggs, Diary, 25 April 1915, AWM PR85/096.

58.
Stoker, p. 113.

59.
Verbal reconstruction (see note above).

60.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 392.

61.
Ibid., p. 393.

62.
Corbett,
History of the Great War
,
www.naval-history.net
.

63.
Ashmead-Bartlett,
The Uncensored Dardanelles
, p. 48,
https://openlibrary.org/books
.

64.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 318.

65.
Derham,
The Silence Ruse
, p. 8.

66.
Bean,
Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
, Vol. I, p. 366.

CHAPTER TEN: BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE SEA

1.
Richards, Thomas James, Diary, 11 June 1915, AWM 2DRL/0786, p. 59.

2.
Hogue,
Trooper Bluegum at the Dardanelles
, p. 167,
https://archive.org
.

3.
Eşref, R., ‘Anafarta Kumandanı Mustafa Kemal ile Mülakat (Interview with Mustafa Kemal, Commander of the Anafarta Group)', in Martı,
Çanakkale Hatiraları
(
Çanakkale Memoirs
), Vol. III, p. 24.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Ibid. (reported speech changed to direct speech).

6.
Ibid. (reported speech changed to direct speech).

7.
Ibid., p. 25.

8.
Fenwick,
Gallipoli Diary
, p. 7.

9.
Kemalyeri, M., ‘
Çanakkale Ruhu Nasıl Doğdu
(How the Spirit of Çanakkale was Born)', in Martı, Vol. III, p. 301.

10.
Ibid., p. 302.

11.
Ibid., p. 303.

12.
Ibid., p. 304.