Heart: An American Medical Odyssey (46 page)

Also by Dick Cheney with Liz Cheney

In My Time

In 1502, Leonardo da Vinci:
Charles D. O’Malley and J. B. de C. M. Saunders,
Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body
(New York: Greenwich House, 1982), 22, 300.

The term
atherosclerosis:
James L. Young and Peter Libby, “Atherosclerosis,” in Leonard S. Lilly,
Pathophysiology of Heart Disease: A Collaborative Project of Medical Students and Faculty
(Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007), 118.

the Spanish influenza pandemic infected:
US Department of Health and Human Services,
The Great Pandemic: The United States in 1918–1919
,
http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/1918/the_pandemic/index.html
.

Atherosclerotic disease developed in the United States:
J. Michael Gaziano, “Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease,” in Peter Libby et al.,
Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
, 8th ed. (Philadelphia: Saunders, 2008), 1–14.

In 1971, Abdel Omran:
Abdel R. Omran, “The Epidemiologic Transition: A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change,”
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly
2005, 84:737–741. (Reprinted from
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly
, 1971;49:509–538.)

there were steep reductions in deaths:
Gregory L. Armstrong, Laura A. Conn, and Robert W. Pinner, “Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States during the 20th Century,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1999;281:63.

On the eve of World War II:
Hardy Green, “How K-Rations Fed Soldiers and Saved American Businesses,”
Bloomberg.com
, February 20, 2013,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-20/how-k-rations-fed-soldiers-and-saved-american-businesses
.

Following the war, Keys returned:
Patricia Sullivan, “Ancel Keys, K Ration Creator, Dies,”
Washington Post
, November 24, 2004.

Beginning in the late 1940s:
Ancel Keys et al., “Coronary Heart Disease among Minnesota Business and Professional Men Followed Fifteen Years,”
Circulation
1963;28:381.

1957 American Heart Association report:
I. H.
Page, F. J. Stare, A. C. Corcoran, H. Pollack, and C. F. Wilkinson, “Atherosclerosis and the Fat Content of the Diet,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1957;164:2051.

Ancel Keys continued to investigate:
Ancel Keys (ed.), “Coronary Heart Disease in Seven Countries,”
Circulation
1970 (suppl. to vol. 41): 1–211.

In 1961, the American Heart Association appeared:
Irving H. Page, Edgar V. Allen, Francis L. Chamberlain, Ancel Keys, et al., “Dietary Fat and Its Relation to Heart Attacks and Strokes,”
Circulation,
1961;23:134–135.

Later that same year:
“The Fat of the Land,”
Time,
January 13, 1961.

According to the American Lung Association:
“Trends in Tobacco Use,” American Lung Association Research and Program Services, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, July 2011,
http://www.lung.org/finding-cures/our-research/trend-reports/Tobacco-Trend-Report.pdf
.

Despite a greater than 50 percent decline:
http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/facts-figures/smoking-and-older-adults.html
.

There are more than seven thousand chemical substances:
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/consumer_booklet/chemicals_smoke/
.

Framingham investigators had developed:
“History of the Framingham Heart Study,”
http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about/history.html
.

In the 1970s, doctors:
J. Judson McNamara, “Coronary Artery Disease in Combat Casualties in Vietnam,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
1971;216(7):1185–1187.

indigestion while playing golf:
Frank H. Messerli, Adrian W. Messerli, and Thomas Lüscher, “Eisenhower’s Billion-Dollar Heart Attack—50 Years Later,”
New England Journal of Medicine
2005; 353;12:1205.

In his exhaustive book:
Clarence G. Lasby,
Eisenhower’s Heart Attack: How Ike Beat Heart Disease and Held On to the Presidency
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 97–98.

In 1880, Karl Weigert, a German pathologist:
Nikhil Sikri and Amit Bardia, “A History of Streptokinase Use in Acute Myocardial Infarction,”
Texas Heart Institute Journal
2007;34:318.

the legendary Sir William Osler:
William Osler,
The Principles and Practice of Medicine
(Birmingham: The Classics of Medicine Library 1978), page 641.

“Obstruction of a coronary artery’:
James Herrick, “Clinical Features of Sudden Obstruction of the Coronary Arteries,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1912;59:2015–2020.

“Which comes first’:
William Roberts, “Coronary Thrombosis and Fatal Myocardial Ischemia,”
Circulation
1974;49:1.

“I am happy the doctors’:
Dwight D. Eisenhower: “Remarks upon Arrival at the Washington National Airport,” November 11, 1955,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=10384
.

In 1933, William Kouwenhoven:
Jonas A. Cooper, Joel D. Cooper, and Joshua M. Cooper, “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: History, Current Practice, and Future Direction,”
Circulation
2006;114:2841.

The first successful defibrillation:
Ibid.

In 1956, one year after President Eisenhower’s:
Paul M. Zoll, Arthur J. Linenthal, William Gibson, Milton H. Paul, et al.,
New England Journal of Medicine
1956;254:727–732.

“Cardiac resuscitation after cardiac arrest’:
W. B. Kouwenhoven, Dr. Ing, James R.
Jude, and G. Guy Knickerbocker, “Closed-Chest Cardiac Massage,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1960;173:1064.

The stage was set:
D. G. Julian, “The History of Coronary Care Units: Ischemia and Infarction,”
Lancet
1961;21:840–844.

Years later, Julian noted:
Ibid., 498.

In ancient Egypt:
James Peto,
The Heart
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 1012.

Although the Greeks:
C. R. S. Harris,
The Heart and Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine, From Alcmaeon to Galen
(Sandpiper Books, Ltd., 2001), 160, 179, 271, 272.

Even Leonardo da Vinci:
Charles D. O’Malley and J. B. de C. M. Saunders,
Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body
(New York: Greenwich House, 1982), 282.

“That there is one blood stream’:
William Harvey,
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood Vessels in Animals,
Alexander Bowie ed. (London: George Bell and Sons, 1889), xviii.

“The heart of animals’:
Ibid., 4.

“An organ . . .
particularly vulnerable’:
Harry M. Sherman, “Suture of Heart Wounds,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
1902;146:653.

In 1929, Werner Forssmann:
David Monagan,
Journey into the Heart
(New York: Gotham Books, 2007), 18–27.

“I checked the catheter position’:
Werner Forssmann, “Catheterization of the Right Heart,”
Kleinische Wochenschrift
1929;8:2085–2089.

For the next quarter-century:
“The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956,”
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/
.

In the late 1970s:
Marcus A. DeWood, Julie Spores, Robert Notske, et al., “Prevalence of Total Coronary Occlusion during the Early Hours of Transmural Myocardial Infarction,”
New England Journal of Medicine
1980;303:897–902.

Using a laboratory model:
Keith A. Reimer, James E. Lowe, Margaret M. Rasmussen, and Robert B. Jennings, “The Wavefront Phenomenon of Ischemic Cell Death. I. Myocardial Infarct Size vs Duration of Coronary Occlusion in Dogs,”
Circulation
1977;56:786–794.

Progressively longer occlusions:
Keith A. Reimer and Robert B. Jennings, “The Wavefront Phenomenon of Ischemic Cell Death. II. Transmural Progression of Necrosis within the Framework of Ischemic Bed Size (Myocardium at Risk) and Collateral Flow,”
Laboratory Investigation
1979;40:633–644.

In 1933, William Tillett:
William S. Tillett and R. L. Garner, “The Fibrinolytic Activity of Hemolytic Streptococci,”
Journal of Experimental Medicine
1933;58:485–502.

Evgenii Chazov in the Soviet Union:
E. I. Chazov, L. S. Matveeva, A. V. Mazaev, K. E. Sargin, et al., “[Intracoronary Application of Fibrinolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction],”
Terapevticheskii Arkhiv
1976;48:8–19.

Peter Rentrop in West Germany:
K. P.
Rentrop, H. Blanke, K. R. Karsch, V. Weigand, et al., “Acute Myocardial Infarction: Intracoronary Application of Nitroglycerin and Streptokinase,”
Clinical Cardiology
1979;2:354–363.

In the years that followed:
Nikhil Sikri and Amit Barda, “A History of Streptokinase Use in Acute Myocardial Infarction,”
Texas Heart Institute Journal
2007;34:323–324.

In 1956, researchers:
P. Roy Vagelos, “Are Prescription Drug Prices High?”
Science
1991252:1082.

In September 1980, Sankyo:
Jonathan A. Tolbert, “Lovastatin and Beyond: The History of the HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors,”
Nature Reviews
2003;2:517–526.

Questions concerning the clinical impact:
“Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomised Trial of Cholesterol Lowering in 4444 Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S),”
Lancet
1994;344:1383–1389.

“Surgery of the Heart’:
Stephen Paget, “Wounds of the Heart,” in
Surgery of the Chest
(Bristol, CT: John Wright & Co., 1896), 121.

“The sight of the heart beating’:
James W. Blatchford III, “Ludwig Rehn: The First Successful Cardiorrhaphy,”
Annals of Thoracic Surgery
1985;39:494.

“The road to the heart’:
Harry M. Sherman, “Suture of Heart Wounds,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
1902;146:654.

During that long night:
John H. Gibbon Jr., “Development of the Artificial Heart and Lung Extracorporeal Blood Circuit,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1968;206;1983.

Determined to solve the problem:
Larry W. Stephenson, “History of Cardiac Surgery,” in
Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, Third Edition
, ed. Lawrence H. Cohn (New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2008), 8.

The idea for this approach:
William S. Stoney, “Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass,”
Circulation
2009;119:2849.

“a potential mortality of 200 percent’:
Ibid., 2849.

In Detroit, Dr. Forest Dodrill:
Manon Caouette, “Research on Cardiopulmonary Bypass in North America,” in
Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures,
ed. Marco Picichè (Milan: Springer-Verlag Italia, 2013), 118.

uncanny resemblance to a Cadillac V-12:
“50th Anniversary of First Open Heart Surgery,” Wayne University School of Medicine, October 22, 2002,
http://www.med.wayne.edu/news_media/2002/press14.asp

Following his patient’s death:
Lawrence H. Cohn, “Fifty Years of Open-Heart Surgery,”
Circulation
2003;107:2168.

monkey lungs:
Stoney, “Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass,” 2844.

Gibbon’s team finally discovered:
Gibbon, “Development of the Artificial Heart and Lung Extracorporeal Blood Circuit.”

operated on Cecelia Bavolek:
“Medicine: Historic Operation,”
Time,
May 18, 1953,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818494,00.html
.

prestigious Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award:
http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/1968_c_description.htm
.

Vasilii Kolesov, a surgeon from Leningrad:
V. I.
Kolessov, “Mammary Artery-Coronary Artery Anastomosis as Method of Treatment for Angina Pectoris,”
Journal of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery
1967;54:535–544.

Michael DeBakey, from Baylor in Houston:
H. Edward Garrett, Edward W. Dennis, and Michael DeBakey, “Aortocoronary Bypass with Saphenous Vein Graft,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
1973;223:792–794.