Henry VIII's Last Victim (67 page)

39
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
VI, p. 549. Also Bellamy,
The Tudor Law of Treason
, p. 172.

40
BL Harleian MS 1579, fo. 6; G. Burnet,
The History of the Reformation of the Church of England
, ed. N. Pocock (7 vols., Oxford, 1865), I, p. 544.

41
W. Scott,
Lay of the Last Minstrel
, canto VI, stanza XIII.

42
Chaloner,
De Rep. Anglorum Instauranda Libri Decem
, ‘Liber Secundus’, pp. 45–6. The book was written in the early 1560s and published posthumously in 1579.

43
Churchyardes Charge
, p. 2.

44
AH
I, no. 282; II, pp. 428–30.

45
St. P
. XI, p. 391.

46
House of Lords Record Office PO/PB/1/1546/37H8 n32;
Journals of the House of Lords
I, p. 285.

47
LP
XXI ii, 665; HMC,
Report on the Manuscripts of His Grace The Duke of Rutland
I (1888), p. 32.

48
Robinson,
Original Letters
II, p. 639; I, p. 256.

49
CSP Sp
. VIII, 365, 370.

50
St. P.
XI, pp. 387–8.

51
CSP Sp
. IX, p. 496. See also, Moore, ‘Heraldic Charge’, p. 581.

52
J. Strype,
Annals of the Reformation
(4 vols., Oxford, 1824), II ii, p. 465; Bellamy,
The Tudor Law of Treason
, p. 206.

53
Bodleian Fol. Ä 624, interleaf between pp. 564–5.

54
Spanish Chronicle
, p. 148.

55
Bodleian MS Bodley 903, fo. 6.

56
Poems
, 38. The title, originating in psalm 118 of the Vulgate, occurs in
Tottel’s Miscellany
I, no. 34. Heale, pp. 183–4: ‘So different is the title from those normally invented by Tottel that in this case he may have authority for its use from the manuscript copy he is using. Surrey may here be composing his own psalm, as Blagge had done, or as Sir Thomas Smith later composed “Other Psalms” alongside his paraphrsases during his own imprisonment in the Tower in 1549.’

Epilogue

1
Both the attainder and the Latin document authorising the commission are in the House of Lords Record Office (PO/PB/1/1546/37H8 n32) and have been printed by Nott (app. L). See too
Journals of the House of Lords
I, pp. 289–90;
St. P.
I, p. 898; Lehmberg,
The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII
, pp. 234–5.

2
Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
II ii, pp. 327–8.

3
Southwell:
APC
II, p. 19; Knyvet:
APC
II, p. 17; Warner: Bindoff;
St. P.
I, p. 893; PRO LR 2/115, fo. 86; Bess: PRO LR 2/115, fo. 6v. For the jury, see Bindoff: Nicholas Lestrange, John Clere, Thomas Paston (son of William);
LP
XXI ii, 771 (35);
APC
II, p. 447;
Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Edward VI 1547–8
, pp. 56, 113.

4
The will is printed in Rymer,
Foedera
, pp. 110–17 (pp. 114–15 for the unfulfilled gifts clause);
APC
II, pp. 15–22.

5
Rymer,
Foedera
, p. 114;
APC
II, pp. 5–6, 67–74. Henry VIII’s will is the most controversial document of his reign and a lively debate surrounds the circumstances by which it was drafted, amended and stamped. See Jordan,
Edward VI
I, pp. 51–60; G. R. Elton,
Reform and Reformation
(1977), pp. 331–2; H. Miller, ‘Henry VIII’s Unwritten Will: Grants of Lands and Honours in 1547’, in
Wealth and Power in Tudor England
; Starkey,
The Reign of Henry VIII
, pp. 159–66; E. W. Ives, ‘Henry VIII’s Will: A Forensic Conundrum’,
HJ
, 35/4 (1992); Ives, ‘Henry VIII’s Will: The Protectorate Provisions of 1546–7’, and R. Houlbrooke, ‘Henry VIII’s Wills: A Comment’, both in
HJ
, 37/4 (1994).

6
Latimer quoted by Brigden,
New Worlds, Lost Worlds
, p. 183.

7
Strype,
Ecclesiastical Memorials
II ii, p. 430.

8
Nott, app. L.

9
Smyth,
Lives of the Berkeleys
II, pp. 381–2.

10
This is suggested by Williams,
Thomas Howard
, p. 22.

11
The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1558–1603
, ed. P. W. Hasler (1981): Thomas Steyning; Sessions (1999), pp. 210–11.

12
Nott, app. XXXV.

13
PRO SP 12/84, fo. 36.

14
Chaloner,
De Rep. Anglorum Instauranda Libri Decem
, ‘Liber Secundus’, p. 45; Foxe,
Acts and Monuments
VI, p. 412; Nashe,
The Unfortunate Traveller
, p. 287; Churchyard,
Churchyardes Charge
, p. 2; Constantyne, p. 62.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am not the first nor, I hope, the last to write about the Earl of Surrey and I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the biographers and scholars that have gone before me. Deserved of particular recognition are George Frederick Nott, whose work of 1815 remains, despite some romantic conclusions, an outstanding body of work, and William A. Sessions, whose literary analysis, in particular, is unrivalled. Even the most cursory of glances at my notes will reveal the enormous obligation and gratitude I owe them.

My profound thanks go to His Grace the Duke of Norfolk for allowing me to read and cite his manuscripts at Arundel Castle. It was a privilege to work there and I am immensely grateful to Dr John Martin Robinson, Librarian to the Duke of Norfolk, Mrs Sara Rodger, Assistant Librarian, Mrs Heather Warne and Miss Pamela Taylor, Archivists, for making it such an enjoyable experience. The Marquess of Bath graciously permitted me to cite materials from his archives at Longleat House, for which I am most grateful. Henry Bedingfeld welcomed me warmly to his home at Oxburgh Hall and allowed me to read his manuscripts there. Delving into his trunk of rarely seen manuscripts was one of the most exciting moments of my research and I would also like to extend my thanks to Mrs Bedingfeld for her hospitality and fortifying cups of tea and biscuits. I am very grateful to Dr Anthony Smith of the Historical Manuscripts Commission for kindly putting me in touch with them in the first place.

I was continually heartened by the altruism of the libraries and institutions that I encountered during my research and would like to thank the archivists and staff of the British Library, the National Archives, the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, Pembroke College, Cambridge, the Corporation of London Record Office, the College of Arms, the House of Lords Record Office, the Norfolk Record Office, the Institute of Historical Research and the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

I have profited greatly from the advice of Brett Dolman, Curator, Historic Royal Palaces, who graciously answered all my queries about the Earl of Surrey’s possible escape attempt from the Tower of London. Robin Self, Chairman of the Friends of St Michael’s Church, Framlingham, was a genial guide to the church and Nicholas Nottidge was kind enough to share his expertise on the magnificent tombs there. Thanks too to Mrs John Brown for welcoming me to her home at Kenninghall and allowing me to take photographs.

I am enormously grateful to Matthew Fletcher MS FRCS, Medical Director and Consultant Urologist, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, for reading the Duke of Norfolk’s exhaustive medical complaints and advising on the state of his health. I also wish to thank him and his wife Sue more personally for their support and encouragement.

Richard Carter, Nicola Fletcher and John Holland (Quintus’ Latin Translations) provided invaluable services in translation, while Sarah Stewart-Richardson generously advised on the practicalities of picture research. I am immensely grateful to Johanna McDonald, Richard Morton Jack, James and Nicola Fletcher, Jane Childs and Anna and Mark Richards, who read my typescript, offered constructive criticism and saved me from numerous errors and infelicities of speech. Those that remain are entirely my own responsibility.

I am fortunate to have a wonderful agent in Andrew Lownie and I owe him much for his sound advice, hard work and unstinting support. It has also been a pleasure to work closely with Will Sulkin, who not only commissioned and edited the book, but also offered words of encouragement when they were most needed and forbore my numerous pleas for deadline extensions with remarkable tolerance. Thank you! I salute Rosalind Porter at Jonathan Cape, who assisted with every aspect of the book and, along with Jo North, Pendleton Campbell, Alan Rutter, Matt Broughton, Neil Bradford and Laura Hassan, helped to bring it to fruition.

My heartfelt thanks go to all the friends and family, who have endured my obsession with patience and good humour for over four years. In particular I would like to thank Anna for having in me the kind of faith that only a sister can. My love and thanks go to my fiancé James for providing strength, advice, tenderness and laughter. Finally, I wish to express my profound admiration and love for my mother Jane Childs. From the beginning, when I announced that I was giving up my sensible job to write a book, to the very end, she has selflessly supported and encouraged me. My father, the late Derek Childs, inspired and still inspires me in so many ways and it is to him that I dedicate this book.

MANUSCRIPT SOURCES

ARUNDEL CASTLE, SUSSEX

MSS G 1/4–6: documents relating to the second and third Howard Dukes of Norfolk and to Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

MSS MD 2586–8: documents relating to the restoration of Surrey’s tomb, 1974–1977

MS 1638: Henry Lilly,
The Genealogie of the Princelie familie of the Howards
, 1638

The Arundel Harington MS of Tudor Poetry

BANCROFT LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

MS UCB 49 (formerly MS HF 5616.E5N6): Howard household book, 1523–4

BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD

MS Ashmole 394: horoscope made for Thomas Howard (later fourth Duke of Norfolk)

MS Ashmole 861: Elias Ashmole’s transcripts from the Chronicle of Anthony Anthony

MS Bodley 903: Henry Howard (later Earl of Northampton), ‘A dutifull defence of the lawfull Regiment of Weomen’, with an address to Elizabeth I

MS Engl. Hist. E 195, Appendix B: Sir John Peyton, ‘A declaration of the state of the Tower of London’, 1598

MS Jesus 74: notes by Thomas Master, amanuensis to Lord Herbert of Cherbury

MS Rawlinson B 146: treatise on the office of Earl Marshal

MS Rawlinson D 775: accounts of the Royal Surveyor of the Works: The Tower of London, 1533

Bod. Folio Δ 624: Lord Herbert of Cherbury,
The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth
interleaved with extracts from the Chronicle of Anthony Anthony

BRITISH LIBRARY, LONDON

Additional MSS

5751 A: warrants and accounts of the Royal Household

10110: acts done in Scotland under the Duke of Norfolk, 1542

17492: the Devonshire Manuscript of Tudor poetry

19193: account of the opening of the tombs of the Dukes of Richmond and Norfolk, 1841

24493: Surrey’s request for a loan from the Prior of Bury St Edmunds

34393: debts owing to Sir Richard Cromwell on his death

36529: Tudor poetry miscellany formed by the Haringtons of Stepney and Kelston

Cottonian MSS

Caligula E II: correspondence relating to Surrey’s sojourn in France

Claudius C III: a chronological list of the dubbing of knights

Cleopatra E VI: letter from John Leigh to the Privy Council, 1540

Julius C VII: patents

Titus B I: letters of the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk; Cromwell’s Remem brances

Titus B II: letter from Surrey to Sir William Paget, 14 July 1546

Vespasian C XIV: preparations for the reception of the Admiral of France, 1546

Vespasian F III: letter from the Duke of Richmond to Cardinal Wolsey Vespasian F XIII: letters of the Duchess of Norfolk, the Duchess of Richmond and Lady Margaret Douglas

Egerton MS 985: the disgrading of the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Surrey from the Order of the Garter

Hargrave MS 205: Surrey’s translation of Book IV of Virgil’s
Aeneid

Harleian MSS

69: details of the tournament held at Westminster, May 1540

78: letter from Surrey to the Council, Fleet Prison, July 1542; poems

283: correspondence between Surrey and the Council of Calais, 1545–6

297: deposition of Christopher Barker against Surrey; an early draft of the Duke of Norfolk’s confession

1453: drawing of a coat of arms entitled ‘Howard Earle of Surry, for which he was attainted’

1579: seventeenth-century commentary on the fall of Surrey

6989: miscellaneous letters from the Council

Lansdowne MS 2: list of those entitled to ‘bouche of court’,
c
. 1544–5

Lansdowne MS 792: translation of Emperor Charles V’s political instructions
to his son made by Henry Howard (later Earl of Northampton) and dedicated to Elizabeth I

Royal MSS

2 A XVI: Henry VIII’s Psalter

7 C XVI: book of Jane Seymour’s jewels

18 C XXIV: record of payment made to the Court painter William Scrots Appendix 89: preparations for the reception of the Admiral of France, 1546

Sloane MS 1523: maxims, sayings and short accounts of several eminent men

Sloane MS 2172: letter of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, to Elizabeth I, 1585

Stowe MS 396: seventeenth-century account of Surrey’s trial

Stowe MS 559: book of Catherine Howard’s jewels

COLLEGE OF ARMS, LONDON

MS L 14: heralds’ copy of Christopher Barker’s deposition against Surrey