Languages In the World (62 page)

– system referring to the location of objects in space with respect to one another on the horizontal place expressed in terms of how the viewer perceives the object in relationship to him-/herself.

– a relatively small sometimes even enclosed area where a high number of languages from diverse lineages are spoken; see
Spread zone
.

– a phonological process that occurs at a word or morpheme boundary.

– a geographically spacious area where a low number of languages from few diverse lineages are spoken; see
Residual zone
.

– the bureaucratic operation that assures the functioning of a nation in terms of laws, police force, educational system, border patrol, and so on.

– a group of languages related at a time-depth of 5000–10,000 years; Indo-European is a language stock.

– the verbal category that marks ‘time when'; often includes a present, past, and a future; see
Aspect
.

– a language in which pitch differences alone signal differences in meaning.

– a version of a language associated with a particular region or social group typically characterized by phonological, syntactic, and/or lexical differences; a neutral term; preferable to the term
dialect
, which often has an associated stigma.

– Y-chromosome passed along solely in the patrilineal line from father to son.