Life's Greatest Secret (73 page)

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Authors: Matthew Cobb

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32
,
113
Scientific American
article
119
Garrod, Archibald
11
Gelsinger, Jessie
282
genes
acting as templates
72
alleged to be nucleoproteins
42–3
,
91
assumed to be proteins
6–9
,
49
coinage of the term
3
complementary replication of DNA
101
,
109
control of protein synthesis
131
definitions of
161
,
244
discovery of ‘split genes’
221
,
223
,
243
as DNA
35
,
50
,
56
,
61–2
,
67
,
93
horizontal gene transfer
270–1
identifying within DNA sequences
238
mapping chromosome locations
4–5
mutations affecting protein product
127–8
as nucleic acids
47
,
91
as nucleic acids, opposition
43
,
56
,
70
,
131–2
number of human protein-coding genes
242
,
244
repression of activity
156–9
,
257
Schrödinger’s view of
15–17
,
80
,
113
,
170–1
self-reproducing automata as a model
32
,
80
speculations on the nature of
5–8
,
161–2
,
216
,
312
structural and regulator
distinguished
160
,
168–70
unchanging character
12
viewed as information
112
,
159
,
168
,
177
,
300–4
,
306–8
viruses, possible relationship to
8
,
32
gene duplication
101
,
109
,
111–12
‘gene-enzyme relationship’
Kalmus on
87
‘one gene, one enzyme hypothesis’
10–11
,
160
,
204
,
244
von Neumann on
32
gene expression
determined within the genome
170
mRNA untranslated regions and
297
‘gene for’ something claims
302
gene silencing
epigenetic effects
256
heritable, in
Arabidopsis
259
gene splicing (RNA splicing)
222–3
,
300
,
302
gene therapy
282–3
genetics
century of
3
conservatism of geneticists
63
,
65
Shannon on gene spreading
25–6
genetic cancers
257
genetic code
absence from an RNA world
288
code within a code
296–7
Crick, on the general nature of
193
,
197
Crick, on the origins of
292–3
CRISPR editing
282–5
degeneracy/redundancy idea
121
,
193–4
,
199
,
208
,
212–13
,
301
first successes in reading
174
,
181–2
,
185
Gamow’s attempts to crack
113
information theory approach
143–6
,
148
Ingram’s work on mutant haemoglobin and
128
last codon read
213
mathematical approaches
115–16
,
143
,
174–5
,
201
non-canonical codes
224–6
nonsense codes
199
one-to-one correspondence
199
possibility of overlap
121–4
,
193
,
200
press coverage
174
,
197
reductionist approach
227
Royaumont colloquium session
202–3
and Schrödinger’s code-script idea
19
as a scientific revolution
309–10
as strictly a cipher
110n
transcription factor binding and
296
whether a triplet code
116–17
,
179
,
192–4
,
201
,
205–6
,
209
whether universal
174
,
195
,
204
,
209
,
224–6
see also
coding problem
;
protein synthesis
‘genetic constitution of man’
84
genetic diseases
alkaptonuria
11
directed mutation and
283
genetic cancers
257
Huntington’s disease
231
,
304
sickle-cell anaemia
126–7
,
132
,
165
,
304
genetic drift
226
,
262
genetic engineering
269
,
271
,
279–81
genetic fingerprinting
230–1
genetic fossils
244
genetic manipulation, foreseen
171
‘genetical information’
carried by nucleic acid bases
111
,
297
copying between DNA and XNA
275
specifying protein amino acid sequences
129
,
132
genetically modified (GM) organisms
genetically recoding
284
plants
269–71
Genetics and the Origin of Species,
by Dobzhansky
38
genomes
determining gene expression
170
size of human
232
,
234
size of mitochondrial
224–5
size variations
237
,
246
genome sequencing
annotation problem
238
automation
310
costs
235
data volumes
237
,
272
first genomes sequenced
229
100,000 genomes project
236
insights into evolution
235
,
240–1
see also
DNA sequencing
;
human genomes
genomics
238
genomic imprinting
248
genomic recording
272
George, Frank
147
germ line
discovery
3
,
260
gene therapy
282
removal of methylation
257
Gilbert, Wally
221–2
,
228
,
279
,
310
Glass, Bentley
131
Gleick, James
84
goats expressing spider silk
269
Godfrey-Smith, Peter
301
Golomb, Solomon
175
,
202
Gosling, Raymond
93–4
,
96–7
,
99
,
103–5
Griffith, Fred
36–9
,
44
Griffith, J. S.
178
Gros, François
177–8
,
204
Grunberg-Manago, Marianne
210
,
310
guanine
see
purines
Gulland, Masson
on DNA variability
54
,
62
,
64
on hydrogen bonding in DNA
58
,
92
,
106
H
H-bomb
86
haemoglobin
crystal structure
105
A and S forms
126–9
Haldane, J. B. S.
7
,
17
,
74
,
80–1
,
84
,
86
Hapsburg lip
12
Hartley, Ralph
27
Harvey, William
2
Hawking, Stephen
73
Heaton, Norma
210
,
310
helical structures
the α-helix
95
,
97
,
100
,
105
DNA as
58
,
70–1
,
94
,
99–101
,
104–5
triple helix models
99–100
,
104
,
106
X-ray signature of
102
,
106
see also
double helix
Heppel, Leon
176
,
180
herbicides and GM crops
270
heredity
concept of the gene
3
genetic code and views of
312
inheritance of acquired characteristics
138
,
260
patterns of, in humans
2
Schrödinger’s code-script and
13
see also
genes
Herriott, Roger
66–7
Hershey, Al
60
,
65–70
,
215
Hertwig, Oscar
3
Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril
71–2
,
114
,
214
hippo
239
Hiroshima
18
,
28–9
,
75
,
86
,
89
,
151
histones, epigenetic marks
257
Hitler, Adolph
Mrs Norbert Wiener and
21
Schrödinger and
11
Hoagland, Mahlon
134–5
Holliger, Philipp
274–5
Homo floresiensis
242n
horizontal gene transfer
270–1
,
284
Hotchkiss, Rollin
38
,
59–60
,
65
,
68
,
197
RNA world hypothesis
289
human beings
On the human use of …,
by Norbert Wiener
83
,
268
information content
84
number of anticodons
211
patterns of heredity
2
human brain, computer parallels
30–1
Human Genome Project
231–2
human genomes
base pair frequency
295
ENCODE project
247–8
,
296
evolutionary insights
239–42
information content
85
mass sequencing
236
number of protein-encoding genes
242
,
244
proportion of transposons
245
variability of
234
100,000 genomes project
236
Huntington’s disease

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