Life's Greatest Secret (72 page)
Read Life's Greatest Secret Online
Authors: Matthew Cobb
differentiation
epigenetic effects
256
regulator genes and
169
,
171
directed mutation
283
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A, B, C and Z forms
98–101
,
103–6
,
273–4
advantages over RNA
290–1
assumed invariability
7
,
43
,
46
,
94
coding on complementary strands
200
,
212
crystal structure
100
,
104–5
cytosine methylation
256–9
decisive X-ray work
96–106
defined
317
different names for
35n
direct action by repressors on
158–9
discovery, as nuclein
15
doubts over biological specificity
42
,
47
,
60
,
64
,
70
,
106
early X-ray work
54
,
91–4
electron micrographs
103
evidence of genes as composed of DNA
35
,
43
,
50
,
56
,
67
,
93
first use of the abbreviation
56
genes duplication and
111
‘junk DNA’
247–9
,
299
mapping segments
248
model structures for
99
,
103
,
106–7
,
107f
non-coding
141
,
222
,
232
,
246
non-functional
262
numbering of sugars and strands
212
quantities in species and in germ cells
60
,
69
,
90
reading direction
200
,
212–13
rejection of direct template role
121–2
support for genes as composed of
52
,
56
,
61–2
,
91
synthetic DNA
267–8
transforming principle as
41
,
46–7
,
54–5
in viral reproduction
67–9
DNA → RNA → protein sequence
72
,
116
,
140
,
251
DNA amplification
229–30
,
233
,
278
DNA fingerprinting
230–1
DNA polymerases
229–30
DNA replication models
163–4
DNA sequencing
of extinct species
240–1
models of
163–4
nanopore sequencing
236
next-generation sequencing
234–6
Sanger’s method
228
shotgun sequencing
232
see also
genome sequencing
Dobzhansky, Theodosius
38–9
Dochez, Alphonse
36
dodder
271
dogs, relatedness
239
,
239n
domains of life
238–9
Donohue, Jerry
106
,
109
double helix
A, B, C and Z forms
98–101
,
103–6
,
273–4
discovery, representations of
90
error-correction mechanisms
290
gene duplication via
111–12
major and minor grooves
273
Stern’s DNA+protein helix
71
Watson and Crick’s final model
106–7
,
107f
The Double Helix,
by Jim Watson
105
,
108
Doudna, Jennifer
283–4
Dounce, Alexander
72
,
116
,
140
,
214
Drosophila
Beadle’s experiments on
9–10
codon bias in
294–5
Dscam
gene
223
dunce
gene
302
genetic engineering of
280
genome
231
,
233
histone modification in
257
Morgan’s experiments on
4
nongenetic transmission of information
255
drug therapy and genomic variation
236–7
Dscam
gene
223
Dubarle, Dominique
77
Dutch famine, 1944–45
257–8
E
E. coli
cell-free protein synthesis
177–9
,
183–4
,
191
control of pyrimidine synthesis
154
demonstration of colinearity
213
DNA replication studies
163–4
genetically recoding
284
transformation in
51–2
,
56
,
61
,
63
,
279
unnatural base pairing
213
Eck, Richard
200–1
Eddy, Sean
248
eggs, quantities of DNA in
60
electrochemical gradients
287
electron microscopy
66
,
103
electrophoresis
in DNA fingerprinting
230–1
A and S forms of haemoglobin
126–7
in Sanger sequencing
228
Elias, Pete
147–8
embryogenesis
256
,
258
ENCODE (Encyclopaedia of DNA Elements) project
247–8
,
296
endonucleases, Cas9
282–3
enhancer regions
243
entropy
information and
27–8
,
30
,
75
,
78
Maxwell’s Demon and
27–8
,
30
‘negative entropy’ (negentropy)
12
,
18
,
75–6
,
78
,
202
environmental effects
inbred mouse behaviour
304
‘parity thesis’
303
enzymes
defined
317
DNA functioning as
55
gene relation to
10–11
,
87
inducible enzymes
153–7
,
168–9
,
175
,
177
,
307
RNA functioning as
288
superiority of proteins over RNA
291
Enzyme, Antigen and Virus: A Study of Macromolecular Pattern in Action,
by Macfarlane Burnet
134–5
,
139
,
141
,
146–7
Enzyme Cybernetics
book project
159
Ephrussi, Boris
Drosophila
experiments
9–10
spoof letter on cybernetics
87–8
,
88f
,
111
,
159
on whether DNA encodes amino acids
124–6
,
128
Ephrussi-Taylor, Harriett
62–3
,
310
as Harriett Taylor
51
,
55
,
59
,
69
epigenetic effects
256–9
equations, readers’ tolerance of
73–4
,
77–8
,
83
error-avoidance in genetic codes
293
error-correction mechanisms
290–1
Escherichia coli see
E. coli
eukaryotes
acquisition of mitochondria
224
colinearity absent from
221–2
enhancer regions in
243
evolution of code variations
227
evolution of introns with
222–3
genetic information in
300–1
horizontal gene transfer
271
loss of domain status
238–9
mechanism of protein synthesis in xi
numbers of genomes sequenced
237
evolution
and the genetic code
214–15
,
226–7
,
239
insights from genome sequencing
235
,
239–42
insights from proteins
140–1
The Major Transitions in Evolution
(book)
299
palaeogenomics
240–1
rethinking the domains
238–9
role of epigenetics
261
Timetree database
239
‘Extrapolation, interpolation, and smoothing of stationary time series with engineering applications’ (Yellow Peril document)
24–5
,
27
,
30
eye colour in
Drosophila
4
,
9–10
F
Farzadfard, Fahim
272
FASEB (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology) meetings
177
,
179–80
Feedback Mechanisms and Circular Causal Systems in Biology and the Social Sciences meeting
29
feedback systems
in acoustics, gunnery and biology
22–3
as circular causality
23
,
29
neglected by Shannon
78
see also
negative feedback
Feig, Larry
255
Festetics, Count Emmerich
2
Feynman, Dick
117
Fire, Andrew
283
Fischer, Emil
189n
Fisher, R(onald) A(ylmer)
77
Fox, George
238
Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz
132
,
174
,
180–1
frame-shift mutations
223
Franklin, Rosalind
DNA helical structure
104–6
DNA images from
98–101
,
103–6
reaction to double helix model
107–8
recruitment
95–6
relations with Wilkins
96
,
98–9
,
101
,
107–8
Fraser, Bruce and Mary
94
,
106
Freeland, Stephen
293
Freymann, Enriques
74
,
77
funding of biological research
217
,
312
Furberg, Sven
92
,
94
,
103
G
G-quadruplex DNA
274
β-galactosidase
152–3
,
156
,
158
,
160
,
165
game theory
28
Gamow, George
attempts to meet Watson and Crick
114
,
116
character and influence
113–14
,
117–18
,
217
friendship with Delbrück
32
,
113
genetic code contributions
113–24
,
174
,
213
,
292
at Oak Ridge symposium
142–3
,
146
physics of living matter conference
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