Life's Greatest Secret (76 page)
Read Life's Greatest Secret Online
Authors: Matthew Cobb
,
215
; Maurice Wilkins
18
,
108
,
207
,
215
non-coding DNA
141
,
222
,
232
non-repetitive code-scripts
15
non-ribosomal peptides
264
nongenetic transmission of information
255
Northrop, John
46
,
66
Novick, Aaron
153–4
,
168
NRDC (National Research Defense Committee)
20–1
,
27
nucleic acids
genes as
47
,
52
,
91
identification of the transforming principle as
38
,
40
possible information transfers with proteins
136
publishing and conferences on
53
supposed uniformity
42
virus use of DNA or RNA
289
see also
DNA
;
RNA
nucleic acids, synthetic
see
oligonucleotides
;
polynucleotides
;
XNA
nucleic acid bases
see
bases
nuclein (now DNA)
7
,
15
nucleoproteins
defined
317
as imagined material of genes
42–3
,
60
,
94
,
97
,
200n
nucleotides
defined
317
sequence variation and specificity
57–8
see also
bases
Nyquist, Harry
27
O
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
62
,
122
,
142
,
144
,
148–9
Ochoa, Severo
discovery of polynucleotide phosphorylase
176
Informational Macromolecules symposium, 1962
204–5
on mRNA reading direction
212
Nobel Prize
215
openness to a doublet code
201
,
205
polynucleotide investigations
190–2
,
196–9
rivalry with Nirenberg and Matthaei
189–92
,
209
at Royaumont
203–5
at the Rutgers symposium
204–5
Ohno, Susumu
247
olfactory receptor genes
245
oligonucleotides
208–9
On the Human Use of Human Beings,
by Norbert Wiener
83
,
268
On the nature of gene mutation and gene structure (‘Three-Man Paper’)
6
,
13
,
17–19
‘one gene, one enzyme hypothesis’
10–11
,
160
,
204
,
244
‘onion test’
246–7
operons
169–71
,
243
,
306
,
317
organic sensors
273
Orgel, Leslie
178
,
287
,
292
origins of life
286–9
Osawa, Syozo
226
Oxford Nanopore Technologies
236
P
Pääbo, Svante
240–1
PaJaMo (Pardee, Jacob and Monod) studies
155–6
,
158
,
160
,
166
,
178
palaeogenomics
240–1
pandas, giant
235
panspermia, directed
287
Paramecium
225
Pardee, Arthur
154–6
,
168
see also
PaJaMo studies
Paris, ‘Biological units endowed with genetic continuity’ meeting
53
,
59–61
‘parity thesis’
303
patenting issues
232
,
234
,
284
Patterson function
92
,
103
,
106
Pauling, Linus
at Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior symposium
80
molecular structure of DNA
104–5
,
108
molecular structure of proteins
84–5
,
94–5
,
97
,
100
,
105
reaction to Ronwin’s structure
103
reaction to
What is life?
17
on sickle-cell anaemia
126
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
229–30
,
276
,
317
PCSK9
gene
237
pea aphids
270–1
peas, Mendel’s experiments
2–3
peptides
assembled without DNA involvement
264
as possible early replicating systems
288
personalised medicine
236–7
Perutz, Max
haemoglobin studies
126
hands Watson and Crick MRC report containing Franklin’s data
105
,
122
human genome project and
233
joined by Watson
97
at the Moscow Biochemistry Congress
185–6
reaction to
The Double Helix
108
reaction to
What is life?
17
rhino
239
whale
239
,
239n
phages
defined
317
DNA amplification using
230
genome sequencing
229
Hershey and Chase’s experiments
67–8
introduction of
SV40
genes
279
Jacob’s work on
155
reproduction and mRNA
166–7
T4, studies
161–2
,
192
von Neumann’s enthusiasm for
31–2
phage course, Cold Spring Harbor
151
,
183
phage genetics, Watson and
97
phage group
conservatism of
63
,
65–6
,
70
membership
65
,
189
,
215–16
Nobel Prizes
215
reception of Hotchkiss’s data
60
on viruses and genes
8
phenylalanine
combination of Us coding for
174
,
182
,
184
,
186
,
190
,
198–9
redundancy in coding for
208
UUC coding for
198
,
205–6
,
211
UUU triplet coding for
209
philosophers
on cybernetics
76–7
,
144
on the definition of the gene
244
on the nature of information
144
,
149
,
202–3
,
297–303
on the significance of epigenetics
265–6
‘photo
51
’
104–5
physicochemical hypothesis
293–4
physics, apparent contradiction by biology
13
‘The Physics of living matter’ Conference, 1946
32–3
Pickstone, John
309
Pilgrim Trust lectures
50–1
,
56
Pitts, Walter
24
,
86
placenta, origins
245
plants
epigenetic changes
257–9
genetically modified
269–71
plasticity and epigenetics
255
,
259
Pleurobrachia bachei
239
PNAS
(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Brenner’s demolition of overlapping codes
124
discovery of ‘split genes’
221
first breaking of the genetic code
183
,
186
Ochoa’s polynucleotide work
196
Pauling’s triple helix model
104
rejects Gamow’s letter
114
Szilárd declines to sponsor Nirenberg
183
pneumococci
transformation in
34–40
,
44
,
50
,
66
,
132
varying virulence of R and S strains
36–7
pneumonia mortality
35–6
Pollister, Arthur
55
,
58
,
62
poly(A) tail, mRNA
297
polydactyly
2
Polynesian populations
241
polynucleotides
copolynucleotides
191
Crick’s critique of
205–6
Nirenberg’s approach
176
,
179
,
184
,
198
Ochoa’s group’s approach
189–91
,
198
poly(A) problems
189–90
poly(U) coding for phenylalanine
174
,
181–2
,
199
work by other groups
189–90
,
189n
see also
oligonucleotides
polysaccharides, absent from transforming principle
41
Pontecorvo, Guido
161
,
244
Portier, Paul
224
pre-mRNA
222
prion proteins
253–4
probability theory and communication
25
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences see
PNAS
prokaryotes
absence of code variations
227
discovery of Archaea among
238–9
proline, codes for
185
,
198
,
205–6
,
208
,
212
promoter sequences
243
proteins
bizarre
278
contamination alleged in transforming principle
41–2
,
56
,
60
,
64
,
70
criteria for the heredity vehicle
61–2
defined
317
genes assumed to be
6–9
,
55
,
69
,
98
information transfers with nucleic acids
136
Koltsov’s model of chromosomes
6
prions as infectious agents
253–4
protein-encoding human genes
242
protein folding
α-helix structure
95
,
97
,
100
,
105
as function of amino acid sequence
133
,
263–4
,
294
and molecular chaperones
263
,
265
,
294
sickle-cell anaemia
127
protein function
determined by amino acid sequence
133
likely emergence
291
protein synthesis
adaptor hypothesis
121
,
135
,
209
amino acid sequence in
128–9
control of, as the role of genes
131
Crick’s ‘central dogma’ lecture
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