Meatonomics (46 page)

36
. Adnan I. Qureshi et al., “Regular Egg Consumption Does Not Increase the Risk of Stroke and Cardiovascular Diseases,”
Medical Science Monitor
13, no. 1 (2007): CR1–8.

37
. USDA Agricultural Research Service, “Nutrient Intakes from Food: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, One Day, 2005–2006 (2008),” accessed January 26, 2012,
http://www.ars.usda.gov
.

38
. Norris and Messina, “Disease Markers of Vegetarians.”

39
. Yasuyuki Nakamura et al., “Egg Consumption, Serum Cholesterol, and Cause-Specific and All Cause Mortality: The National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Non-Communicable Disease and Its Trends in the Aged, 1980 (NIPPON DATA80),”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
80 (2004): 58–63.

40
. Ibid., 63.

41
. Poultry Production News, “American Egg Board Funded $2 Million in Nutrition Research in 2010” (2011), accessed December 31, 2011,
http://poultryproductionnews.blogspot.com
.

42
. Marcia D. Greenblum, “An Egg a Day is More than Okay!” Nutrition Realities, accessed December 31, 2011,
http://www.eggnutritioncenter.org
.

43
. Penny M. Kris-Etherton, William S. Harris, and Lawrence J. Appel, “Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease,”
Circulation
106 (2002): 2747–57.

44
. B. C. Scudder et al., “Mercury in Fish, Bed Sediment, and Water from Streams across the United States, 1998–2005,” US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5109 (2009).

45
. David L. Stalling and Foster Lee Mayer Jr., “Toxicities of PCBs to Fish and Environmental Residues,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
1 (1972): 159–64.

46
. Campbell and Campbell,
China Study
.

47
. Scudder et al., “Mercury in Fish.”

48
. E. Sunderland et al., “Mercury Sources, Distribution, and Bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean: Insights from Data and Models,”
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
23 (2009).

49
. Stalling and Mayer, “Toxicities of PCBs to Fish.”

50
. Consumeraffairs.com, “Americans Confused about Health Effects of Eating Fish” (2006), accessed November 15, 2011,
http://www.consumeraffairs.com
; Charlotte Seidman, “Fish is Good—Fish is Bad. Balancing Health Risks and Benefits,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
(2005), accessed November 15, 2011,
http://foodconsumer.org
.

51
. Janet M. Torpy, Cassio Lynm, and Richard M. Glass, “Eating Fish: Health Benefits and Risks,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
296, no. 15 (2006): 1926.

52
. Environmental Defense Fund, “List of Seafood Health Alerts,” accessed November 15, 2011,
http://apps.edf.org
.

1
. Health care, see
chapter 6
; subsidies, see
chapter 5
; environmental, see
chapter 7
; cruelty, see
chapter 8
; fishing, see
chapter 9
; inflation adjustments, US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, “CPI Inflation Calculator,” accessed October 27, 2012,
http://www.bls.gov
.

1
. US Poultry & Egg Association, “Economic Data” (2011), accessed August 13, 2012,
http://uspoultry.org
; USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Milk Production, Disposition and Income 2011 Summary” (2012), accessed August 13, 2012,
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu
; USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Meat Animals Production, Disposition and Income 2011 Summary” (2012), accessed August 13, 2012,
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu
.

2
. Tatiana Andreyeva, Michael W. Long, and Kelly D. Brownell, “The Impact of Food Prices on Consumption: A Systematic Review of Research on the Price Elasticity of Demand for Food,”
American Journal of Public Health
100, no. 2 (2010): 216–22.

3
. These are (using 2013 USDA budget figures): Farm Service Agency, $12.1 billion; Risk Management Agency, $9.6 billion; Research, Education, and Economics, $2.7 billion; Marketing and Regulatory Programs, $2.4 billion; and Foreign Agricultural Service $2.1 billion.

4
. 63 percent of subsidies are related to animal food production ($28.9 billion x 0.63 = $18.2 billion). Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, “Agriculture and Health Policies in Conflict.”

5
. One view is that American farmers pass through to consumers “less than ten percent” of corn-related cost increases (Ephraim Leibtag, “Corn Prices Near Record High, But What about Food Costs?”
Amber Waves: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources and Rural America
[2008]). Another is that American consumers pay “the bulk of” cost increases related to livestock production (Bruce Gardner, “The Economic System of
U.S. Animal Agriculture and the Incidence of Cost Increases,” in
Sharing Costs of Change in Food Animal Production: Producers, Consumers, Society and the Environment
, ed. Richard Reynnells [Washington, DC: USDA, 2003] 6).

6
. $115.1 billion x 0.32 = $36.8 billion. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Expenditure Survey 2010” (2011), Current Expenditure Tables, accessed December 3, 2011,
http://www.bls.gov
.

7
. As explained in
chapter 10
, because we've seen that checkoffs drive about $4.6 billion in annual sales of animal foods, or 1.8 percent of the industry's total annual sales of $251 billion, eliminating these programs should reduce consumption by about 1.8 percent.

8
. Figures adjusted for inflation. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Expenditure Survey 2010.”

9
. Joint and separate married filers combined as married couple households. Internal Revenue Service, “SOI Tax Stats—Individual Statistical Tables by Filing Status” (2009), accessed August 12, 2012,
http://www.irs.gov
.

10
. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Office of the Actuary, “National Health Expenditure Projections 2010–2020,” table 3, accessed August 13, 2012,
http://www.cms.gov
.

1
. Charles Dickens,
Dombey and Son
(Hertfordshire, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 1995).

2
. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson,
The Pig Who Sang to the Moon: The Emotional World of Farm Animals
(New York: Ballantine, 2003), 27.

3
. Scully,
Dominion
.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Ibid., 267–68.

6
. Quoted in Joanne Stepaniak and Virginia Messina,
The Vegan Sourcebook
(Los Angeles: Lowell House, 1998), 39.

7
. R. Nowak,
Walker's Mammals of the World 5.1
. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Richard L. Wallace, “Market Cows: A Potential Profit Center,” University of Illinois Extension (2002), accessed August 6, 2011,
http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu
.

8
. Cows have a nine-month gestation cycle, produce milk for about ten months after giving birth, and are re-impregnated about two months into the cycle. This adds up to about one pregnancy—and one newborn calf—per year for each cow.

9
. Quoted in Mercy for Animals, “Vegetarian Starter Kit,” 11, accessed September 28, 2012,
http://www.mercyforanimals.org
.

10
. Jason Henderson and Ken Foster, “Characteristics of U.S. Veal Consumers” (staff paper, 00-2, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 2000), accessed September 28, 2012,
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu
.

11
. James M. MacDonald et al., “Profits, Costs, and the Changing Structure of Dairy Farming,”
Economic Research Report
ERR-47 (September 2007).

12
. A. L. Legrand, M. A. G. von Keyserlingk, and D. M. Weary, “Preference and Usage of Pasture Versus Free-Stall Housing by Lactating Dairy Cattle,”
Journal of Dairy Science
92, no. 8 (2009): 3651–58.

13
. Quoted in Animal Aid, “Battery Cows: Zero Grazing and the Dairy Industry,” accessed August 11, 2011,
http://www.animalaid.org
.

14
. Quoted in Jonathan Leake, “The Secret Life of Cows” (2005), accessed July 14, 2012,
http://www.rense.com
.

15
. Discussed in Ibid.

16
. Quoted in Compassion over Killing, “A COK Report: Animal Suffering in the Broiler Industry,” accessed August 5, 2011,
http://www.cok.net
.

17
. D. Martin, “Researcher Studying Growth-Induced Diseases in Broilers,”
Feedstuffs
(May 26, 1997).

18
. S. C. Kestin et al., “Prevalence of Leg Weakness in Broiler Chickens and Its Relationship with Genotype,”
Veterinary Record
131, no. 9 (1992): 190–94.

19
. T. C. Danbury et al., “Self Selection of the Analgesic Drug Carprofen by Lame Broiler Chickens,”
Veterinary Record
146, no. 11 (2000): 307–11.

20
. Quoted in J. Erlichman, “The Meat Factory: Cruel Cost of Cheap Pork and Poultry—Factory Methods Have Slashed Meat Prices in the Last 30 Years,”
The Guardian
(October 14, 1991).

21
. C. A. Weeks et al., “The Behaviour of Broiler Chickens and Its Modification by Lameness,”
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
67, no. 1 (2000): 111–25.

22
. Inma Estevez, “Poultry Welfare Issues,”
Poultry Digest Online
3, no. 2 (2002), accessed September 28, 2012,
http://ansc-test.umd.edu
.

23
. Marcus,
Meat Market
, 22.

24
. Egg producers added nearly 270 million laying hens to their flocks in 2010. Assuming that an equal number of males and females are born, that's roughly the number of male chicks killed. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Chicken and Eggs 2010 Summary” (February 2011).

25
. Michael J. Gentle et al., “Behavioural Evidence for Persistent Pain Following Partial Beak Amputation in Chickens,”
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
27, no. 1 (1990): 149–57.

26
. Ibid.

27
. Peter Singer and James Mason,
Animal Factories
(New York: Crown, 1980).

28
.
Collins English Dictionary
, online edition, accessed September 28, 2012,
http://www.collinsdictionary.com
;
FindLaw Legal Dictionary
, online edition, accessed September 28, 2012,
http://dictionary.findlaw.com
.

29
. Valerie Brewer, “An Introduction to Chicken Production: A Brief Insight into the Modern Chicken and Egg Industries,” National Chicken Council (2007), accessed September 28, 2012,
http://www.ca.uky.edu
.

30
. Milton H. Arndt,
Battery Brooding: A Complete Exposition of the Important Facts Concerning the Successful Operation and Handling of the Various Types of Battery Brooders
(Chicago: Orange Judd Publishing Company, Inc., 1931).

31
. Ibid.

32
. Marcus,
Meat Market
.

33
. US Poultry and Egg Association, “Economic Data” (2010), accessed July 26, 2011,
http://www.poultryegg.org
; USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Chicken and Eggs 2010 Summary,” February 2011.

34
. Ian J. H. Duncan, “Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry: Is there a Lesson to Be Learned?”
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
4, no. 3 (2001): 207–21.

35
. United Poultry Concerns Inc., “The Animal Welfare and Food Safety Issues Associated with the Forced Molting of Laying Birds,” accessed September 19, 2012,
http://www.upc-online.org
.

36
. American Egg Board, “Factors that Influence Egg Production” (2010), accessed September 28, 2012,
http://www.aeb.org
.

37
. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson,
The Face on Your Plate: The Truth About Food
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2009).

38
. Lesley J. Rogers,
The Development of Brain and Behaviour in the Chicken
(Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1995).

39
. Konrad Lorenz, “Animals are Sentient Beings: Konrad Lorenz on Instinct and Modern Factory Farming,”
Der Spiegel
(November 17, 1980).

40
. Marian Stamp Dawkins,
Through Our Eyes Only?—The Search for Animal Consciousness
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).

41
. Masson,
The Face on Your Plate
.

42
. Ibid.

43
. American Egg Board, “Facts about the Egg Production Process” (2010), accessed July 28, 2011,
http://www.aeb.org
; Elizabeth Weise, “Cage-Free Hens Pushed to Rule Roost,”
USA Today
(April 10, 2006).

44
. Born Free, “Progressive Farming,” accessed July 30, 2011,
http://www.bornfreeeggs.com
.

45
. Pollan,
Omnivore's Dilemma
.

46
. Jewel Johnson, “A Rare Glimpse Inside a Free-Range Egg Facility,”
Prairie Progress
8, no. 8 (2007), accessed July 31, 2011,
http://www.peacefulprairie.org
.

47
. Masson,
The Face on Your Plate
.

48
. Jennifer Welsh, “Hens Feel for Their Chicks' Discomfort,”
LiveScience
(March 9, 2011).

49
. Rogers,
Brain and Behaviour in the Chicken
.

50
. W. Grimes, “If Chickens Are So Smart, Why Aren't They Eating Us?”
New York Times
(January 12, 2003).

51
. Bernard E. Rollin,
Farm Animal Welfare: School, Bioethical, and Research Issues
(Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1995), 118.