Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (5 page)
Read Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols Online
Authors: Kate Raphael
Tags: #Arts & Photography, #Architecture, #Buildings, #History, #Middle East, #Egypt, #Politics & Social Sciences, #Social Sciences, #Human Geography, #Building Types & Styles, #World, #Medieval, #Humanities
4.17 Safad, reconstruction of the central tower. Note the cistern below. Illustration by S. Rotem
4.19 Safad, central round tower. Note the construction and the dimension of the stone blocks
4.21 Qāqūn, the tower (2004). Aerial photograph, courtesy of David Silverman
4.22 Qāqūn, plan of first floor and suggested reconstruction of the tower D. Pringle,
The ed Tower (al Burj al
) Settlement in the Plain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders and Mamluks
A.D. 1099–1516, London, 1986, 66. Courtesy of Prof. Pringle Cardiff School of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University
4.23 Qāqūn, masonry and construction. Note the columns inserted in the southwest corner
4.25 Karak, the Frankish entrance along the northeast corner
4.26 Karak, Mamluk western galleries with their barrel-shaped vaults
4.27 Karak, western entrance into the Mamluk galleries and the oculus above the inner staircase
4.29 Karak, Baybars’ panther adorning the inscription on the southern keep
4.30 Karak, Mamluk and Frankish masonry
4.31 Karak, the western wall of the fourteenth-century Mamluk palace
4.40 Al-Bīra, rock carved passage in the west
4.42
. Plan adapted from T. E. Lawrence,
Oriental Assembly
, ed. A. W. Lawrence, London, 1939, pl. 15
4.43, before and after the flooding of the valley
4.45, the zigzag wall on the east
4.46, archers’ galleries and vaulted hall. Note the dense line of machicoulis
4.47, Armenian and Mamluk arrow slits
4.49, carved and built entrances along the multiple gate system
