Pandora's Keepers (62 page)

17
. Transcript,
A Is for Atom, B Is for Bomb
(WGBH-TV, 1980), p. 2.

18
. Albert Einstein to President Roosevelt, August 2, 1939, Roosevelt-PSF, Confidential File, Alexander Sachs Folder, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter cited as FDRL).

19
. Ulam,
Adventures of a Mathematician
, p. 116.

20
. Leo Szilard to Albert Einstein, October 3, 1939, reprinted in Weart and Szilard,
Leo Szilard
, p. 101.

21
. See Alexander Sachs’s testimony before the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy, 79th Congress, 1st Session, November 27, 1945, pp. 2–29; and Sherwin,
A World Destroyed
, p. 28.

22
. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed
, pp. 28–29.

23
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 98; and Edward Teller,
Energy from Heaven and Earth
(W. H. Freeman, 1979), p. 144.

24
. Weart and Szilard,
Leo Szilard
, p. 85.

25
. Quoted in Hewlett and Anderson,
The New World
, p. 20.

26
. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed
, p. 19; and Wigner, “Are We Making the Transition Wisely?” p. 28.

27
. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed
, p. 29.

28
. Albert Einstein to Alexander Sachs, March 7, 1940, LSP, Box 17, Folder 4, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

29
. Vannevar Bush to James B. Conant, February 24, 1942, Bush-Conant File Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb, 1940–1945, Records of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Record Group 227, Manhattan Engineering District Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as BCF, ROSRD, MEDR, NA).

30
. Lieutenant Colonel S. V. Constant, Acting Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department, August 13, 1940, U.S. Intelligence and Security Command, Freedom of Information/Privacy Office, Fort George G. Meade, Md.

31
. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed
, p. 30.

Chapter 3: The Manhattan Project

1
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 114.

2
. Quoted in Rudolf Peierls interview with Charles Weiner, August 11–13, 1969, OHC, NBL, AIP.

3
. Rudolf Peierls to Mr. Murphy, May 2, 1993, Addendum D. 110, RPP, BL, UO.

4
. “On the Construction of a ‘Super-bomb; Based on a Nuclear Chain Reaction in Uranium,’“ reprinted in Gowing,
Britain and Atomic Energy
, pp. 389–393.

5
. Frisch,
What Little I Remember
, p. 126.

6
. Bundy,
Danger and Survival
, pp. 24–25.

7
. Ibid., p. 26; and MAUD Committee Report, reprinted in Gowing,
Britain and Atomic Energy
, pp. 394–436.

8
. Quoted in Weart and Szilard,
Leo Szilard
, p. 146.

9
. Seaborg with Seaborg,
Adventures in the Atomic Age
, p. 28.

10
. Ibid., pp. 50–51.

11
. Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 7.

12
. Author’s interview with Philip Abelson, Washington, D.C., March 23, 1999.

13
. Robert Wilson interview with Spencer Weart, May 19, 1977, OHC, NBL, AIP.

14
. Cited in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 7.

15
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

16
. Edwin McMillan interview with Charles Weiner, June 1, 1972, OHC, NBL, AIP.

17
. Quoted in Childs,
An American Genius
, p. 251; and Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 48.

18
. Quoted in Childs,
American Genius
, p. 281.

19
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 87.

20
. Ernest O. Lawrence to Carl and Gunda Lawrence, August 29, 1939, EOLP, BL, UCB.

21
. Quoted in Groueff,
The Manhattan Project
, p. 40.

22
. Martin Kamen to Edwin McMillan, EOLP, BL, UCB.

23
. See Vannevar Bush to James B. Conant, October 9, 1941, BCF, ROSRD, MEDR, NA.

24
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 131.

25
. Quoted in Johnston,
The Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton
, p. 11.

26
. Quoted in Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 6.

27
. Ibid., p. 8.

28
. National Academy of Sciences Committee on Uranium Report to the President, November 6, 1941, BCF, Folder 18, ROSRD, MEDR, NA.

29
. Quoted in Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 62.

30
. Bundy,
Danger and Survival
, pp. 45–53; see also December 6, 1941, entry, Diary, Harold Urey Papers (hereafter cited as HUP), Box 145, Folder 19, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

31
. Norris,
Racing for the Bomb
, p. 168.

32
. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed
, p. 34.

33
. Vannevar Bush to Frank Jewett, November 4, 1941, BCF, ROSRD, MEDR, NA.

34
. Vannevar Bush to James B. Conant, February 24, 1942, in ibid.

35
. Quoted in Frank Oppenheimer interview with Charles Weiner, February 9, 1973, OHC, NBL, AIP.

36
. Quoted in Childs,
An American Genius
, pp. 343–344.

37
. Seaborg with Seaborg,
Adventures in the Atomic Age
, p. 115; and Norris,
Racing for the Bomb
, p. 216.

38
. Norris,
Racing for the Bomb
, pp. 221–222.

39
. Seaborg with Seaborg,
Adventures in the Atomic Age
, p. 116.

Chapter 4: The Met Lab

1
. Quoted in Arthur H. Compton, “Operation of the Metallurgical Project by the University of Chicago,” July 28, 1944, BCF, ROSRD, MEDR, NA.

2
. Seaborg with Seaborg,
Adventures in the Atomic Age
, p. 82.

3
. Quoted in Hewlett and Anderson,
The New World
, pp. 54–55.

4
. Grandy,
Leo Szilard
, p. 83; and Leo Szilard, “Memorandum on My Visit to Chicago, January 23–24,” January 26, 1942, LSP, Box 41, Folder 6, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

5
. Leo Szilard to Enrico Fermi, December 31, 1941, LSP, Box 8, Folder 6, in ibid.

6
. See Leo Szilard to Arthur Compton, January 27, 1942, LSP, Box 6, Folder 30, in ibid.

7
. Author’s interview with Philip Morrison, Cambridge, Mass., May 18, 1998.

8
. Quoted in Hewlett and Anderson,
The New World
, pp. 54–55.

9
. Author’s interview with Philip Morrison, Cambridge, Mass., May 18, 1998.

10
. Arthur Compton to Members of the Metallurgical Project, February 11, 1942, Courtesy of Harold Agnew.

11
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 125.

12
. Author’s interview with Philip Morrison, Cambridge, Mass., May 18, 1998.

13
. Diary entries, January 3, 1943, and February 3, 1943, Crawford Greenewalt Manhattan Project Diary, Crawford Greenewalt Papers, Hagley Museum Library (hereafter cited as CGMPD, CGP, HML), Wilmington, Del.

14
. Quoted in Groueff,
The Manhattan Project
, p. 29.

15
. Kenneth Nichols, quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 56–57.

16
. Groves,
Now It Can Be Told
.

17
. Vannevar Bush to Harvey Bundy, September 17, 1942, Folder 7, Harrison-Bundy Files Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb, 1942–1946, Record Group 77, Manhattan Engineer District Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as HBF, MEDR, NA).

18
. Minutes of Coordination Meeting, April 16, 1943, Box 19, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Archives, Berkeley, California.

19
. “What Is Wrong with Us?” September 21, 1942, reprinted in Weart and Szilard,
Leo Szilard
, pp. 153–160.

20
. Transcript, Lansing Lamont Oral History Interview, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, Missouri, p. 258.

21
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 120.

22
. L. R. Groves to the Attorney General, October 28, 1942, 201 File (Leo Szilard), MEDR, NA.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, pp. 243–244.

25
. Brigadier General Groves to Major Calvert, June 12, 1943, MEDR, NA.

26
. Lanouette with Silard,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. 242; Arthur Compton to Vannevar Bush, June 1, 1942; and Arthur Compton to Leslie R. Groves, November 13, 1942, BCF, ROSRD, MEDR, NA.

27
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—I,” p. 84.

28
. Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 15.

29
. Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, pp. 120–121.

30
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 71–72; and
NYT
, February 19, 1967, p. 66.

31
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 15.

32
. See Herbert Smith interview with Charles Weiner, August 1, 1974, OHC, NBL, AIP.

33
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 77.

34
. Quoted in
NYT
, February 19, 1967, p. 66.

35
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 195.

36
. Robert Oppenheimer to Frank Oppenheimer, Box 294, J. Robert Oppenheimer Papers (hereafter cited as JROP), MDLOC.

37
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 143.

38
. Ibid., p. 135.

39
. Author’s interview with Robert Christy, Pasadena, Calif., July 29, 1998.

40
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 103.

41
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 135.

42
. Emilio Segrè interview with Charles Weiner and Barry Richman, February 13, 1967, OHC, NBL, AIP.

43
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

44
. Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 171.

45
. Libby,
The Uranium People
, pp. 98–99.

46
. Author’s interview with Robert Christy, Pasadena, Calif., July 29, 1998.

47
. Frank Oppenheimer interview with Charles Weiner, February 9, 1973, OHC, NBL, AIP.

48
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 25.

49
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 8.

50
. Ibid., p. 10.

51
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 36.

52
. Author’s interview with Rose Bethe and Jane Wilson, Ithaca, N.Y., June 8, 1997.

53
. Quoted in Schweber,
In the Shadow of the Bomb
, p. 108.

54
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 80.

55
. Robert Oppenheimer to Ernest Lawrence, October 2, 1931, in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 144.

56
. Ernest O. Lawrence to Arthur Compton, October 17, 1941, EOLP, BL, UCB.

57
. Carl Anderson interview with Harriett Lyle, 1981, California Institute of Technology Oral History Project.

58
. Quoted Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 127.

59
. Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, November 17, 1967, OHC, NBL, AIP.

60
. See Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 37.

61
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.

62
. Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, November 17, 1967, OHC, NBL, AIP.

63
. “A Conversation with Hans Bethe and Victor Weisskopf,” Cornell University, 1993, videotape copy in Audiovisual Archives (hereafter cited as AA), AIP.

64
. Hans Bethe to Arnold Sommerfeld, May 20, 1947, Sommerfeld Papers, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany, cited in Schweber,
In the Shadow of the Bomb
.

65
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 72.

66
. Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 173.

67
. “A Conversation with Hans Bethe and Robert Wilson,” Cornell University, 1993, videotape copy in AA, AIP.

68
. Quoted in Bernstein,
Hans Bethe
, p. 73.

69
. Robert Oppenheimer to John Manley, July 1, 1942, Accession #A-92–024/2–25, Los Alamos National Laboratory Archives (hereafter cited as LANLA), Los Alamos, N.Mex.

70
. Edward Teller to Enrico Fermi, July 17, 1942, Accession #A-84–019/73–17, in ibid.

71
. Author’s interview with Harold Agnew, Solana Beach, Calif., March 13, 2001.

72
. Quoted in Groueff,
The Manhattan Project
, p. 77.

73
. Ibid.

74
. Quoted in Ackland, “Dawn of the Atomic Age,” p. 12.

75
. Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 137.

76
. Ibid., p. 138.

77
. Fermi,
Collected Papers
, p. 270.