Pandora's Keepers (66 page)

49
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 565, 567.

50
. Ibid., p. 517.

51
. Ibid., p. 660.

52
. See Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, pp. 248, 258.

53
. Author’s interview with Harold Agnew, Solana Beach, Calif., March 13, 2001.

54
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 754.

55
. Charter Heslep to Lewis Strauss, “Conversation with Edward Teller at Liver-more on April 22, 1954,” May 3, 1954, Lewis Strauss Papers, Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa.

56
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

57
. Ibid.

58
. Draft of a Statement, 1954, in Helen Hawkins, G. Allen Greb, and Gertrud Weiss Szilard, eds.,
Toward a Livable World
(MIT Press, 1987), p. 129.

59
. See ibid., p. xliii.

60
. Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, May 9, 1972, OHC, NBL, AIP; and Bernstein,
Hans Bethe
, p. 99.

61
. Quoted in Dyson,
Disturbing the Universe
, p. 90.

62
. Coughlan, “Tangled Drama”; and Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, p. 343.

63
. Quoted in Jonathan Weisman, “Teller Recants Oppenheimer Denunciation,”
Tri-Valley Herald
, December 16, 1992.

64
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 709–710.

65
. Ibid., p. 726.

66
. Handwritten Notes, Box 205, JROP, MDLOC.

67
. Quoted in Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, p. 345.

68
. Quoted in York,
The Advisors
, p. 64.

69
. Quoted in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 283.

70
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

71
. Ernest O. Lawrence for C. A. Rolander, AEC, picked up by courier on May 4, 1954, LWA-1234, EOLP, BL, UCB.

72
. Quoted in Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, May 9, 1972, OHC, NBL, AIP.

73
. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 98.

74
. Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, p. 390.

75
. Notes of Phone Conversation with Joseph Alsop, June 8, 1954, Box 200, JROP, MDLOC.

76
. Decision and Opinions of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, reprinted in U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
(MIT Press edition), pp. 1047–1066.

77
. Quoted in
NYT
, July 4, 1954, p. 15.

78
. Quoted in Alsop,
We Accuse
!, p. 21.

79
. Quoted in Lifton and Markusen,
The Genocidal Mentality
, p. 136.

80
. Quoted in Bernstein,
Hans Bethe
, p. 101.

81
. Hans Bethe to Edward Teller, November 30, 1954, Edward Teller Papers, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.

82
. Quoted in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 299.

83
. Crawford Greenewalt to Herbert Anderson, August 22, 1960, Personal Papers of Crawford Greenewalt, Accession 2016, HML.

84
. Quoted in Segrè,
Enrico Fermi
, p. 182.

85
. Segrè,
A Mind Always in Motion
, pp. 251–252.

86
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 374.

87
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 331.

88
. Jon Else interview with I. I. Rabi, quoted in Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 222.

89
. Felix Bloch, quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, pp. 218–219.

90
. Quoted in ibid., pp. 230–231.

91
. Quoted in Bernstein,
Hans Bethe
, p. 99.

92
. Robert Serber quoted in Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 558.

93
. Quoted in Else,
The Day After Trinity
(KTEH-TV, 1980).

94
. Quoted in Moyers, “Meet I.I. Rabi.”

95
. Quoted in John Mason Brown,
Through These Men
(Harper and Brothers, 1956), p. 288.

96
. Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 103.

97
. Quoted in ibid., p. 104; and Brown,
Through These Men
, pp. 228–229.

98
. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 104.

99
. Edward Teller to William L. Borden, July 9, 1954, excerpted in Teller with Shoolery,
Memoirs
, p. 390.

100
. Edward Teller to Maria Mayer (undated), MMP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

101
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 378.

102
. Quoted in Moss,
Men Who Play God
, p. 78.

103
. Excerpted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 368.

104
. Teller-Strauss Correspondence File, Lewis Strauss Papers, Herbert Hoover Library.

105
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 364.

106
. Teller with Shoolery,
Memoirs
, pp. 371, 383.

107
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 365.

108
. See
NYT
, September 11, 2003, p. A22.

109
. See
NYT
, April 5, 1963, p. 1.

110
. Quoted in Michelmore,
The Swift Years
, p. 232.

111
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 333.

Chapter 11: Twilight Years

1
. Niels Bohr to George C. Marshall, June 10, 1948, JROP, MDLOC.

2
. Niels Bohr, “Open Letter to the United Nations,” June 9, 1950, reprinted in Rozental,
Niels Bohr
, pp. 340–352.

3
. Arthur Compton, “The Moral Meaning of the Atomic Bomb” (1946), quoted in Johnston,
The Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton
, pp. 304–305.

4
. Arthur Compton, “How Peace with the Hydrogen Bomb?” (1954), reprinted in ibid., p. 325.

5
. Arthur Compton to Senator Stuart Symington, May 8, 1958, AHCP, Series 3, Box28,WUA.

6
. Quoted in York,
Making Weapons
,
Talking Peace
, p. 39.

7
. See Ernest O. Lawrence to Mrs. Martin Johnson, January 31, 1955, EOLP, BL, UCB.

8
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 351.

9
. Quoted in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 320.

10
. Ernest O. Lawrence to Mrs. Edwin S. Spencer, February 17, 1955, EOLP, BL, UCB.

11
. Quoted in Coffin, “Leo Szilard.”

12
. Leo Szilard to Niels Bohr, November 7, 1950, LSP, Box 4, Folder 34, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

13
. See Szilard,
The Voice of the Dolphins
.

14
. Libby,
The Uranium People
, pp. 60–64; and Coffin, “Leo Szilard.”

15
. Smith, “The Elusive Dr. Szilard”; and Coffin, “Leo Szilard.”

16
. Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 321.

17
. Quoted in Childs,
An American Genius
, p. 531.

18
. Quoted in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 328.

19
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.

20
. Frank Oppenheimer interview with Charles Weiner, May 21, 1973, OHC, NBL, AIP.

21
. “Dr. Oppenheimer Discusses Future,”
NYT
, July 4, 1954.

22
. Victor Cohn, “Can a Security Risk Survive?”
Minneapolis Tribune
, June 16, 1957.

23
. See Leo Szilard, “Memorandum Based on a Meeting Held on the Initiative of Bertrand Russell at Pugwash, Nova Scotia, in July 1957,” July 29, 1957; and “Has the Time Come to Abrogate War?” May 25, 1960, Eugene Rabinowitch Papers, Box 9, DSC, JRL, UC.

24
. Quoted in Lanouette,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. 371.

25
. Szilard-Teller Debate, reprinted in Hawkins, Greb, and Szilard,
Toward a Livable World
, pp. 238–250.

26
. Arthur Compton to Leo Szilard, March 3, 1960, LSP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

27
. I. I. Rabi to Robert Oppenheimer, April 5, 1963, IIRP, MDLOC.

28
. Edward Teller to Robert Oppenheimer (undated); and Robert Oppenheimer to Edward Teller, April 23, 1963, Box 71, JROP, MDLOC.

29
. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 110.

30
. Quoted in Lanouette,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. xix.

31
. “Address by Dr. Leo Szilard,” reprinted in
The Nation
, December 3, 1945.

32
. Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 278.

33
. J. Robert Oppenheimer, “Niels Bohr and Atomic Weapons,” May 18, 1964, LANLA.

34
. Quoted in Herbert Smith interview with Charles Weiner, August 1, 1974, OHC, NBL, AIP.

35
. Thomas B. Morgan, “With Oppenheimer, on an Autumn Day,”
Look
, December 27, 1966, pp. 63, 67.

36
. Robert Reid to the Editor,
The [London] Times
, August 26, 1975.

37
. Quoted in Peierls,
Bird of Passage
, p. 315.

38
. Hans Bethe to Robert Oppenheimer, JROP, MDLOC.

39
. Quoted in Michelmore,
The Swift Years
, p. 254.

40
. Quoted in
Science
, March 3, 1967, p. 1080.

41
. Quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 211.

42
. Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, pp. 505–506.

43
. Quoted in Royal,
The Story of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 180.

44
. Quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 231.

45
. Quoted in Stern with Green,
The Oppenheimer Case
, p. 514.

46
. Kempton, “The Ambivalence of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 247.

47
. Robert Oppenheimer, “The Power to Act: The Scientific Revolution and Its Effects on Democratic Institutions” (1963), in Metropolis, Rota, and Sharp,
Uncommon Sense
, p. 144.

48
. Quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 178.

49
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II,” p. 66.

50
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

51
. Quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 220.

52
. The physicist was Richard Garwin. Cited in author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

53
. Edward Teller to Lewis Strauss, 1957, quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 420.

54
. Quoted in
NYT
, August 14, 1963, p. 6.

55
. Quoted in ibid., August 24, 1963, p. 18.

56
. Quoted in ibid., January 12, 1988, p. A24.

57
. I. I. Rabi Lecture, Columbia University, May 13, 1966, Manuscript Biographies, AIP.

58
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II,” p. 94.

59
. Quoted in
NYT
, January 12, 1988, p. A24.

60
. See John Noble Wilford, “Teller Deplores Secret Research,” in ibid., December 28, 1970, pp. 1, 25.

61
. Quoted in “Edward Teller and His Critics,” Part 1,
Bridges: A Liberal/Conservative Dialogue with Larry Josephson
, National Public Radio, November 1995.

62
. Transcript,
Firing Line
, Southern Educational Communications Association, June 15, 1982, p. 7.

63
. Quoted in Douglas C. Waller,
Congress and the Nuclear Freeze
(University of Massachusetts Press, 1987), p. 191.

64
. Quoted in “Our Times with Bill Movers,” CBS TV, June 27, 1983.

65
. Quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 229.

66
. Ibid., pp. 209–210.

67
. Quoted in Charles Claffey, “A Father of the A-Bomb Looks Back in Torment,”
Boston Globe
, April 15, 1983, p. 1; and I. I. Rabi, “How Well We Meant.”

68
. Author’s interview with Edward Teller, Stanford, Calif., July 27, 1998.

69
. Broad,
Teller’s War
, pp. 270–271.

70
. Quoted in Gary Stix, “Profile: Infamy and Honor at the Atomic Café,”
Scientific American
, October 1999, p. 44.

71
. Teller with Shoolery,
Memoirs
, p. 396.

72
. Ibid., p. 22 n.

73
. Quoted in Blumberg and Panos,
Edward Teller
, p. 2.

74
. Quoted in Lee Edson, “Scientific Man For All Seasons,”
New York Times Magazine
, March 10, 1968, p. 124.

75
. Dyson,
Disturbing the Universe
, p. 47.

76
. See Testimony before House Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Security, and Science, May 13, 1985; and Notes of Remarks at Los Alamos National Laboratory, April 13, 1983, BPP.

77
. Quoted in Blumberg and Panos,
Edward Teller
, p. 198.