Pandora's Keepers (64 page)

43
. Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 236.

44
. Ibid., p. 247.

45
. Ibid., pp. 239–240.

46
. See Leo Szilard to Arthur H. Compton, July 19, 1945, LSP, Box 6, Folder 29, MSCD, GL, UCSD; and Wyden,
Day One
, p. 171.

47
. Compton,
Atomic Quest
, pp. 240–241.

48
. Recommendations on the Immediate Use of Nuclear Weapons, June 16, 1945, HBF, MEDR, NA.

49
. Oppenheimer, “Niels Bohr and His Times,” Part 3, p. 15, JROP, Box 247, MDLOC.

50
. Quoted in Moore,
Niels Bohr
, p. 370.

51
. HBF, MEDR, NA.

52
. Leo Szilard, “The Story of a Petition,” July 28, 1946, LSP, Box 40, Folder 15, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

53
. HBF, MEDR, NA.

54
. “A Petition to the President of the United States,” July 17, 1945, JROP, Box 70, MDLOC.

55
. Quoted in Weart and Szilard,
Leo Szilard
, p. 167; and Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 262.

56
. Leo Szilard to Frank Oppenheimer, July 10, 1945, JROP, Box 70, MDLOC.

57
. Quoted in Teller with Shoolery,
Memoirs
, p. 206; and author’s interview with Edward Teller, Stanford, Calif., July 27, 1998.

58
. Edward Teller to Leo Szilard, July 2, 1945, LSP, Box 18, Folder 36, MSCD, GL, UCSD.

59
. Edward Teller to Gregg Herken, February 26, 1999, cited in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 365.

60
. Teller with Brown,
The Legacy of Hiroshima
, p. 14.

61
. Teller,
Better a Shield than a Sword
, p. 60.

62
. Teller with Brown,
The Legacy of Hiroshima
, p. 19.

63
. Author’s interview with Edward Teller, Stanford, Calif., July 27, 1998.

64
. Quotes are in Wyden,
Day One
, p. 150.

65
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 171.

66
. See Farrington Daniels and Arthur H. Compton, “A Poll of Scientists at Chicago,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
(hereafter cited as
BAS
), February 1948, p. 44.

67
. Arthur Compton to Kenneth Nichols, July 24, 1945, MUC-AC-1306/7, MEDR, NA.

68
. Quoted in Knebel and Bailey, “The Fight over the A-Bomb,” p. 20.

69
. Ibid.

70
. Sherwin,
A World Destroyed
, pp. 194–196, 212.

71
. Jette,
Inside Box 1663
, p. 99.

72
. Quoted in Groueff,
The Manhattan Project
, p. 44.

73
. Quoted in
Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era, 1943–1945
(Los Alamos National Laboratory Public Relations Office), p. 44.

74
. Norris,
Racing for the Bomb,
p. 400, n. 13.

75
. Quoted in
Los Alamos: Beginning of an Era
, p. 46.

76
. Author’s interview with Donald Hornig, Cambridge, Mass., May 14, 1998.

77
. Quoted in Bush,
Pieces of the Action
, p. 148; and Lamont,
Day of Trinity
, p. 226.

78
. Quoted in Glenn T. Seaborg,
Journals: Volumes 1–4, April 19, 1942–May 19, 1946
(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1992), vol. 4, p. 4.

79
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 199.

80
. “E. O. Lawrence’s Thoughts,” July 16, 1945, Correspondence (“Top Secret”) of the Manhattan Engineer District, 1942–1946 (hereafter cited as CTS, MED), Record Group 77, NA.

81
. Quoted in Sid Moody, “Proving Ground,”
Albuquerque Journal
Special Reprint, Julyl995, p. 3.

82
. Rabi,
Science
, p. 138.

Chapter 7: Three Fires

1
. Author’s interview with Donald Hornig, Cambridge, Mass., May 14, 1998.

2
. Quoted in Laurence,
The Story of the Atomic Bomb
, p. 17.

3
. Hans Bethe to Anne Longley, June 7, 1995, BPP; and Else,
The Day After Trinity
(KTEH-TV, 1980).

4
. “E. O. Lawrence’s Thoughts,” July 16, 1945, CTS, MED, Record Group 77, NA.

5
. Ernest O. Lawrence to George L. Harrison, July 18, 1945, EOLP, BL, UCB.

6
. Enrico Fermi, “My Observations During the Explosion at Trinity on July 16, 1945,”A-84–019,LANLA.

7
. Laura Fermi, “Bombs or Reactors,”
BAS
, June 1970, p. 27.

8
. Rabi,
Science
, p. 138; and Bernstein, “Physicist: Profile—II,” p. 58.

9
. Author’s interview with Raemer Schreiber, Los Alamos, N.Mex., July 17, 1997.

10
. Quoted in
Albuquerque Journal
, July 12, 1970.

11
. Robert Oppenheimer to Thomas Farrell and William Parsons, July 23, 1945, CTS, MED, NA.

12
. Michihiko Hachiya, M.D.,
Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician, August 6–September 30, 1945
(University of North Carolina Press, 1955), p.1.

13
. The following account of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is based on the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey,
Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Summary Report (Pacific War
) (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), and Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
.

14
. Bodanis,
E=mc
²
, pp. 163–164.

15
. Hachiya,
Hiroshima Diary
, p. 31.

16
. Captain William C. Bryson, U.S. Navy, September 14, 1945, reprinted in
BAS
, December 1982, p. 35.

17
. August 6, 1945, Transcript, L. R. Groves Telephone Conversations, MEDR, NA.

18
. See Teller with Brown,
The Legacy of Hiroshima
, p. 41.

19
. Lanouette with Silard,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. 277.

20
. Leo Szilard to Gertrud Weiss, August 6, 1945, quoted in Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, p. 735.

21
. Quoted in Leigh Fenly, “The Agony of the Bomb, and Ecstasy of Life with Leo Szilard,”
San Diego Union
, November 19, 1978, pp. Dl, D8.

22
. Arthur Compton to A. J. McCartney, March 18, 1946, Series 3, Box 5, AHCP, WUA; and Arthur Compton in
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, October 7, 1945, p. 4D.

23
. Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 461; and Sam Cohen,
The Truth About the Neutron Bomb
(Morrow, 1983), pp. 21–22.

24
. Cited in Field Report, April 18, 1952, Robert Oppenheimer File, FBI, Washington, D.C.

25
. J. R. Oppenheimer to All Division Leaders, August 9, 1945, LANLA.

26
. Lanouette with Silard,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. 277.

27
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.

28
. Quoted in Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 139.

29
. Karl K. Darrow to Ernest O. Lawrence, August 9, 1945, EOLP, BL, UCB.

30
. Ernest O. Lawrence to Karl K. Darrow, August 17, 1945, in ibid.

31
. Ernest O. Lawrence to Citizens of Berkeley, August 22, 1945, in ibid.

32
. Quoted in Fermi,
Atoms in the Family
, p. 245.

33
. Rabi,
Science
, p. 70.

34
. Winston Churchill,
Triumph and Tragedy
(Houghton Mifflin, 1953), p. 639.

35
. Quoted in Alice Kimball Smith, “Los Alamos: Focus of an Age,” in Lewis, Wilson, and Rabinowitch,
Alamogordo Plus Twenty-Five Years
, p. 40.

Chapter 8: An End, a Beginning

1
. I. I. Rabi, “The Physicist Returns from the War,” p. 107.

2
. Talk to FAS Members, Los Alamos, N.Mex., July 9, 1953, #14/22/976, Hans A. Bethe Papers (hereafter cited as HABP), Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell University (hereafter cited as CAKL, CU).

3
. Philip Morrison, “The Laboratory Demobilizes,”
BAS
, November 1946, pp. 5–6.

4
. Quoted in Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, p. 754.

5
.
Time
, November 5, 1945, p. 27.

6
. Robert Oppenheimer, “Physics in the Contemporary World,”
BAS
4, no. 3 (March 1948): 66.

7
. Francis Sill Wickware, “Manhattan Project,”
Life
, August 20, 1945, p. 100.

8
. I. I. Rabi to the Research Board for National Security, April 3, 1945, OVP, Box33, MDLOC.

9
. J. Robert Oppenheimer, “Atomic Weapons,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, January 1946, pp. 7–10.

10
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.

11
. Telegram, Ernest Lawrence to J. R. Oppenheimer, August 16, 1945, Box 45, JROP, MDLOC.

12
. J. R. Oppenheimer, “For the [Scientific Advisory] Panel,” to Secretary of War Henry Stimson, August 17, 1945, Box 291, in ibid.

13
. Oppenheimer to Lawrence, August 30, 1945, EOLP, BL, UCB.

14
. Quoted in
Time
, October 29, 1945, p. 30.

15
. Arthur Compton to Henry A. Wallace, September 27, 1945, Box 73, JROP, MDLOC.

16
. Scientific Advisory Panel, “Proposal for Research and Development in the Field of Atomic Energy,” September 28, 1945, Accession #A-92–024, 1–18, LANLA.

17
. Bernstein, “Four Physicists and the Bomb,” pp. 243–244.

18
. Robert Oppenheimer to Herbert W. Smith, August 26, 1945, Box 294, JROP, MDLOC; to Haakon Chevalier, August 27, 1945, Supplemental Files, Jon Else,
The Day After Trinity: J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
(Voyager CD-ROM, 1999); and to Frederick Bernheim, August 27, 1945, reprinted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 297–298.

19
. Robert Oppenheimer to General Leslie Groves, May 7, 1945, MEDR, NA.

20
. George Harrison, Memorandum for the Files, September 25, 1945, HBF, MEDR, NA.

21
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 251.

22
. Quoted in Hawkins,
Toward Trinity
.

23
. Speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists, November 2, 1945, reprinted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 315–325.

24
. Edith Warner to J. Robert Oppenheimer, November 25, 1945, reprinted in ibid., pp. 325–326.

25
. Niels Bohr, “A Challenge to Civilization,”
Science
, October 12, 1945, pp. 363–364.

26
. Niels Bohr to Robert Oppenheimer, November 9, 1945, JROP, MDLOC.

27
. Robert Oppenheimer to W. A. Higinbotham, March 1946, quoted in Smith,
A Peril and a Hope
, p. 350; and Oppenheimer, “Atomic Weapons,” p. 9.

28
. Enrico Fermi and Samuel K. Allison to Senator Warren G. Magnusson, September 13, 1945, EFP, DSC, JRL, UC.

29
. Arthur Compton to Leslie Groves, November 28, 1945, Series 2, Box 6, AHCP, WUA.

30
. Rigden,
Rabi
, pp. 196–197; quote is in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 180–181.

31
.
Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy
, Department of State Publication No. 2498 (U.S. Government Printing Office, March 16, 1946), p. viii.

32
. Edward Teller and James Franck, Proposed Statement of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago on the Acheson Report, April 10, 1946, Box 9, James Franck Papers, DSC, JRL, UC.

33
. Arthur Compton, Statement with Regard to State Department’s Proposal for Development and Control of Atomic Energy, April 3, 1946; and Richard Baumhoff to Arthur Compton, April 2, 1946, Series 3, Box 4, AHCP, WUA.

34
. Hans A. Bethe to J. M. Burgers, May 16, 1946, Federation of American Scientists Papers (hereafter cited as FASP), Box 12, DSC, JRL, UC.

35
. Bundy,
Danger and Survival
, pp. 166–192.

36
. David Lilienthal,
The Journals of David E. Lilienthal
, pp. 69–70.

37
. Robert Oppenheimer to W. A. Higinbotham, May 20, 1947, FASP, DSC, JRL, UC; and Robert Oppenheimer to Niels Bohr, September 3, 1947, JROP, Box21,MDLOC.

38
. Leo Szilard, “The Physicist Invades Politics,” pp. 33–34.

39
. Quoted in
Time
, October 29, 1945, p. 30.

40
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 241.

41
. Dyson,
Disturbing the Universe
, p. 73.

42
. Quotes are in Merle Miller,
Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S Truman
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1974), p. 248; and Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 180.

43
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Four Physicists and the Bomb,” p. 251.

44
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 23.

45
. See Libby,
The Uranium People
, p. 247.

46
. Teller, “The State Department Report,” p. 13.

47
. Teller, “Comments on the ‘Draft of a World Constitution,” p. 204.

48
. Hans Bethe,
BAS
, December 1958, p. 428.

49
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.

50
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.