PARIS 1919 (89 page)

11. FRUS, vol. 4, pp. 69–71.

12. Keiger, p. 258; British Library, Balfour Papers, 49744/184–190, 14.12.18, Derby to Balfour, 14.12.18; Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, p. 191; Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics,
pp. 86–87.

13. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, pp. 387–9; Tardieu, p. 146.

14. House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F3/4/2, Foch to Lord Robert Cecil, 8.1.19; Callwell, vol. 2, p. 153; Liddell Hart, p. 411; McCrum, p. 631.

15. McCrum, pp. 629–31; J. C. King, p. 80.

16. J. C. King, p. 41.

17. McCrum, pp. 628–32; Yale University Library, Auchincloss diary, 23.2.19; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 1229/2, Hankey memorandum 22.2.19; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F 89/2/29, Kerr to Lloyd George, 22.2.19.

18. House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, 52/2/52, Derby to Balfour, 14.12.18; Keiger, pp. 251, 256–57; J. C. King, chapter 1.

19. Yale University Library, House diary, 9.2.19; Scott, p. 372; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, 60/2/42, notes of an interview with the president, 23.1.18; F/147/1, “Notes of an interview between M. Clemenceau, Colonel House and myself, 7.3.19.”

20. Nelson, p. 113 [my translation].

21. McCrum, p. 626, n. 10.

22. D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, pp. 386, 398–99; Tardieu, p. 171; Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, p. 118; Duroselle, p. 748; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 1217, Lloyd George to Kerr, 12.2.19.

23. Churchill College, Hankey Papers, 1/5 diary, 27.8.18; PWW, vol. 56, p. 86; Nelson, pp. 204–5; Seymour, p. 226.

24. Tardieu, pp. 147–67; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, p. 396; PWW, vol. 55, p. 480; Nelson, p. 209.

25. Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 1174, notes of a conversation of 11.3.19.

26. PWW, vol. 55, pp. 488, 499.

27. D. Lloyd George
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, pp. 247–48; PWW, vol. 55, pp. 152–53.

28. PWW, vol. 55, p. 530; Walworth,
Wilson and His Peacemakers,
p. 204; Callwell, vol. 2, p. 174.

29. D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, pp. 601–3.

30. FRUS, vol. 4, p. 249; PWW, vol. 55, p. 522; Marder, vol. 5, p. 251.

31. FRUS, vol. 4, pp. 224–25, 365; Marder, vol. 5, p. 254; Yale University Library, House Papers, series I/10 0293, Grey to House, 3.6.19; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 65/49–54, notes on Heligoland, 14.4.19; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 252–56.

32. FRUS, vol. 3, p. 475; Marder, pp. 257–62.

33. Dingman, p. 84; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, p. 377; PWW, vol. 55, pp. 515–21; vol. 57, p. 92.

34. PWW, vol. 55, p. 458; vol. 57, p. 91; Marder, vol. 5, pp. 228–30, 263–64; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F/147/1, “Notes of an interview between M. Clemenceau, Colonel House and myself, 7.3.19.”

35. PWW, vol. 56, pp. 338, 518–19; Marder, vol. 5, pp. 231–34.

36. Marder, vol. 5, p. 269.

CHAPTER 15: FOOTING THE BILL

1. House and Seymour, p. 259.

2. Public Record Office, Cabinet Papers, CAB 29/28, British empire delegation minutes, 34 (1.6.19, P.M.).

3. See, for example, Schuker,
American
“
Reparations
”; Marks, “Reparations Reconsidered”; Marks, “The Myths of Reparations.”

4. Keynes,
Economic Consequences,
pp. 41–45; Skidelsky, vol. 1, p. 389.

5. Keynes,
Economic Consequences,
p. 36; Keynes,
Two Memoirs,
p. 20.

6. Keynes,
Economic Consequences,
p. 7.

7. Skidelsky, vol. 1, pp. 384–91.

8. Burnett, vol. 1, pp. 1011–14, 1018; Silverman, p. 145, and chapter 5,
passim;
Schuker,
The End of French Predominance,
p. 9.

9. Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics,
pp. 1–10; Ministères des Affaires Etrangères, Série à Paix, 59, “Conditions de la Paix: Notes et études sur les conditions de la paix à obtenir et les clauses à insérer dans les traités de paix à signer. Résumé des voeux et avis du Bureau d'Etudes Economiques”; Duchêne, p. 40.

10. PWW, vol. 54, pp. 196, 431, 494; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F6/6/49, Cecil to Lloyd George, 31.5.19, and F89/2/35, Kerr to Lloyd George, 28.2.19; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About Reparations and War Debts,
chapter 9; House and Seymour, p. 484; Silverman, pp. 32–35; Kent, pp. 40–43.

11. Rowland, p. 494; C. T. Thompson, p. 236; Yale University Library, House diary, 21.2.19.

12. Burnett, vol. 1, pp. 31–32; Public Record Office, Cabinet Papers, CAB 29/28, British empire delegation minutes, 13 (13.3.19).

13. Baruch, pp. 5–7.

14. Burnett, vol. 1, p. 34; Hardach, pp. 156–60; Schuker,
American
“
Reparations,
” p. 20.

15. Burnett, vol. 1, pp. 33, 514; Public Record Office, Cabinet Papers, CAB 29/28, British empire delegation minutes, 33 (1.6.19, A.M.).

16. Burnett, vol. 1, pp. 4–8, 21; B. Kent, p. 69.

17. Bunselmeyer, p. 174, n. 9; Public Record Office, Cabinet Papers, CAB 29/28, British empire delegation minutes, 33 (1.6.19, A.M.).

18. Silverman, p. 39; Burnett, vol. 1, p. 61; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F/45/9/25, Smuts to Lloyd George, 4.12.18; F45/9/29, Smuts to Lloyd George, 26.3.19; F 45/9/33, Smuts to Lloyd George, 5.5.19; Hancock, pp. 539–41.

19. Burnett, vol. 1, p. 777.

20. House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F/117/1/3, Imperial War Cabinet, 1918, minute 38 (26.11.18); W. S. Wallace, pp. 193–95.

21. Lentin, “Lord Cunliffe,” pp. 50–86, 52, n. 12; Headlam-Morley, p. 180; H. Nicolson,
Peacemaking,
p. 350; Seymour, p. 276; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, p. 474; Burnett, vol. 1, 711; Yale University Library, House diary, 24.3.19, 4.4.19.

22. Burnett, vol. 1, pp. 43–44; Lentin, “Lord Cunliffe,” pp. 50–86; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F/213/5/6, Lamont to Wiseman, n.d.

23. Public Record Office, Cabinet Papers, CAB 29/28, British empire delegation minutes, 34 (1.6.19, P.M.); Riddell, Intimate Diary, p. 31; Trachtenberg, Reparation in World
Politics,
pp. 48–51.

24. British Library, Balfour Papers, 49744/258–263, notes of a conversation between Briand and Lloyd George, 18.3.19; Yale University Library, House diary, 6.3.19; PWW, vol. 56, p. 285.

25. Bunselmeyer, p. 141.

26. Ibid., pp. 129–33; Pugh, p. 128; F. Stevenson, p. 180; Rowland, p. 490.

27. House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F28/2/16, Hughes to Lloyd George, 10.12.18.

28. A. J. P. Taylor, Troublemakers, p. 159.

29. Yale University Library, House diary, 28.4.19; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace
Treaties,
vol. 1, pp. 473, 498; Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics,
pp. 41–43; Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, p. 218; Riddell,
Intimate Diary,
p. 38; FRUS, vol. 13, p. 205; Keynes,
Two Memoirs,
p. 61; Noble, pp. 201–5; Poincaré, p. 286; PWW, vol. 56, p. 502; vol. 59, p. 314.

30. Noble, pp. 186–93, 195.

31. FRUS, vol. 3, p. 976; Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics,
p. 43; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, pp. 441–44.

32. Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics,
p. 42, n. 49.

33. Tardieu,
Truth,
p. 290; Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics,
pp. 55, 64–66, 71; chapter 2,
passim.

34. Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics,
pp. 35–36; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F/89/2/37, Kerr to Lloyd George, 2.3.19; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 1236, Kerr to Lloyd George, 1.3.19.

35. Burnett, vol. 1, p. 59; PWW, vol. 56, p. 501.

36. FRUS, vol. 6, p. 796; See article 234 and annex 1, Treaty of Versailles.

37. Guhin, pp. 30–32; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 106, 147.

CHAPTER 16: DEADLOCK OVER THE GERMAN TERMS

1. Yale University Library, House diary. 12.3.19; Walworth,
Wilson and His Peacemakers,
p. 203; PWW, vol. 56, p. 62.

2. Tardieu, pp. 176–82; PWW, vol. 56, p. 81; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F 3/4/19, Balfour to Lloyd George, 18.3.19.

3. Tardieu, p. 182; Nelson, pp. 232–40.

4. Riddell,
Intimate Diary,
p. 41; Temperley, vol. 2, p. 178; Headlam-Morley, p. 33.

5. Callwell, vol. 2, p. 176; Hankey, pp. 98, 101.

6. F. Stevenson, p. 174.

7. D. Lloyd George, Truth About the Peace Treaties, vol. 1, pp. 404–16; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, p. 31; Tardieu, p. 443; Nelson, p. 227.

8. PWW, vol. 56, pp. 247, 444.

9. P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 33–34, 88; Mordacq, Le ministère Clemenceau, vol. 3, p. 202.

10. PWW, vol. 56, p. 312.

11. Ibid., pp. 347–54; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 49–68; Mordacq, Le ministère Clemenceau, vol. 3, pp. 195, 205; Library of Congress, Baker notebooks, 1.4.19.

12. Callwell, vol. 2, p. 180; Shotwell, p. 255; National Archive of Canada, Biggar Papers, letter of 7.4.19; C. T. Thompson, p. 287; Noble, p. 315.

13. Library of Congress, Baker notebooks, 3.4.19; PWW, vol. 56, pp. 408, 540; Noble, pp. 315–16; Callwell, vol. 2, p. 180.

14. F. Stevenson, p. 178; PWW, vol. 57, pp. 50–51, 63.

15. Noble, pp. 322, 324–28; C. T. Thompson, p. 291; Mordacq, Le ministère Clemenceau, vol. 3, p. 217; PWW, vol. 57, p. 99.

16. Liddell Hart, pp. 420–23; Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, pp. 226–31.

17. Keiger, pp. 258–62; Poincaré, pp. 315–24.

18. Riddell, Intimate Diary, p. 45; C. T. Thompson, p. 288.

19. C. T. Thompson, p. 292; PWW, vol. 57, pp. 98–101, 146.

20. Yale University Library, House diary, 12.4.19 and 14.4.19; Yale University Library, Auchincloss diary, 15.4.19; Schuker, “The Rhineland Question,” pp. 302–4.

21. Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, pp. 220–21; Yale University Library, House diary, 15.4.19; Noble, pp. 331–32.

22. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 1, p. 427; Schuker, “The Rhineland Question,” p. 304.

23. Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, pp. 221, 245; Ribot, p. 274; Keiger, p. 262.

24. Watson, p. 361.

CHAPTER 17: POLAND REBORN

1. Davies,
God's Playground,
vol. 2, p. 122, and chapter 3,
passim.

2. Zamoyski, p. 178.

3. Jedrezejewicz, pp. 4–10.

4. Davies,
God's Playground,
vol. 2, p. 385.

5. Roszkowski, p. 158; E. Howard, p. 342, n. 1.

6. Shotwell, p. 305; Wandycz,
Lands of Partitioned Poland,
pp. 291–93; Davies,
God's Playground,
pp. 52–53; Gregory, p. 170.

7. Davies,
White Eagle, Red Star,
p. 62; Wandycz,
Lands of Partitioned Poland,
pp. 340–41; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 879/1, Esmé Howard, 17.2.19; Landau, pp. 146–47.

8. Kessler, p. 23; Wandycz, “Dmowski's Policy,” pp. 119–20.

9. Lundgreen-Nielsen,
Polish Problem,
pp. 54–57; Wandycz, “Dmowski's Policy,” p. 118.

10. FRUS, vol. 12, p. 370; Cienciala and Komarnicki, pp. 91–92.

11. Lundgreen-Nielsen,
Polish Problem,
p. 121, n. 163; Latawski, pp. 4–7; Headlam-Morley, p. xxviii.

12. Bonsal,
Suitors and Suppliants,
p. 131; Duroselle, p. 814.

13. Wandycz, The United States and Poland, p. 109; Gerson, pp. 62–63; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, p. 108.

14. Komarnicki, pp. 253–59; Gerson, p. 102–3; E. Howard, p. 339.

15. H. Nicolson,
Peacemaking,
p. 332.

16. Komarnicki, p. 145; Lundgreen-Nielsen,
Polish Problem,
pp. 80–81.

17. Gerson, pp. 105–6.

18. Lundgreen-Nielsen,
Polish Problem,
pp. 131–34, 231–33; FRUS, vol. 3, pp. 670–75.

19. FRUS, vol. 3, pp. 772–82; Churchill College, Hankey Papers, 3/24, Hankey to Adeline Hankey, 29.1.19; Lundgreen-Nielsen, “Aspects of American Policy,” p. 100, n. 21; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Tardieu Papers, 356, “Conférence de la Paix 1919: Pologne: Problèmes politiques et économiques (notes, correspondances), Décembre 1918–Octobre 1919.”

20. Library of Congress, Bliss Papers, box 244, diary, 1.1.19; House and Seymour, p. 70; Bonsal, Suitors and Suppliants, pp. 118–20; P. Mantoux, vol. 2, p. 150; FRUS, vol. 3, pp. 672–74.

21. House and Seymour, p. 72.

22. Temperley, vol. 6, p. 220.

23. Nelson, pp. 147–51, 152–54; Wandycz,
France and Her Eastern Allies,
pp. 34–37; House and Seymour, p. 71.

24. FRUS, vol. 4, pp. 414–19.

25. Komarnicki,
Rebirth of the Polish Republic,
pp. 319–49; Davies, “Lloyd George and Poland, 1919–20,” pp. 132–33; Wandycz, “Dmowski's Policy,” pp. 123–24.

26. F. Stevenson, p. 38; F. Lloyd George, p. 153; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 911/2, Kerr to Horace Rumbold, 15.12.19.

27. P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 33–34.

28. PWW, vol. 56, p. 313; Tillman, pp. 207–9; Headlam-Morley, pp. 169–71; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 105–9, 118, 201, 233; Nelson, pp. 187–91.

29. Cienciala and Komarnicki, pp. 106–10; Weinberg,
Foreign Policy,
pp. 13–14.

30. House and Seymour, p. 80; FRUS, vol. 6, pp. 833–35; St Antony's College, Malcolm Papers, 1/12, diary, 8.5.19.

31. Riddell,
Intimate Diary,
pp. 83–84.

32. Public Record Office, Cabinet Papers, CAB 29/28, British empire delegation minutes, 33 (1.6.19, A.M.); PWW, vol. 60, p. 20.