Penny le Couteur & Jay Burreson (60 page)

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Authors: Napoleon's Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History

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BOOK: Penny le Couteur & Jay Burreson
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Digitoxin
Digoxin
Dinosaur extinction theories
Dioscorea
(wild yam)
Diosgenin
Dioxin
Disaccharides
Djerassi, Carl
Doering, William
Dogmak, Gerhard
Double bonds
conjugated
four-membered
isoprene
rubber
sex hormones
unsaturated fatty acids
Du Pont Fibersilk Company
Dunedin
(refrigerator ship)
Dutch East India Company
Dutch government
Dyes
and sulfa drugs
Dynamite
 
East India Company
Eastman, George
Ebola virus
Ebonite
Echinochrome
Economic influences
cellulose
coffee
cotton
DDT
refrigeration
sickle-cell anemia
silk
sugar
Ecstasy (hallucinogen)
Egyptians, ancient
Ehrlich, Paul
Electrical insulators
Electrolysis
Electrolytic dissociation
Electrons
Elements
Elemicin
Elephants(illus.)
Endeavor
(Cook's ship)
Endorphins
England.
See
Britain
English Civil War
Enovid
Environmental degradation
coffee cultivation and
DDT and
olive cultivation and
rubber and
salt and
Ephedra sinica
(ma huang)
Ephedrine
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea)
Erasers
Ergot/ergotism
Ergotamine
Ergovine
Erythroxylon
(coca tree)
Estradiol
Estrogens
Estrone
Ethene (ethylene)
Ether
Ethylene glycol
Eugenia aromatica
(clove tree)
Eugénie, empress of France
Eugenol
Euphorbia
(spurge)
Europe
silk production
Execution of witches
Exothermic reactions
Explosives
 
Fabric, rubber-coated
Factories, labor in
Falciparum malaria
Family, breakdown of
Family planning
Fansidar
Faraday, Michael
Fats
Fatty acids
Feminism
Fertilizers
Ficus elastica
(rubber plant)
Fijian Islands
Firearms
Fire extinguishers
Fischer, Emil
Fischer projection formulas
Fish, salted
Fleming, Alexander
Fluorine
Flying, by witches
Folic acid
Folk medicine
Food additives
Food preservatives
refrigeration
salt
Forced labor
Formaldehyde
Fosberg, Raymond
Foxglove
French Revolution salt tax and
Freons
Freud, Sigmund
Frigorifique
(refrigerator ship)
Frozen food industry
Fructose
Furchgott, Robert
Furneaux, Tobias
 
Gabelle
(French salt tax)
Galactose
Gandhi, Mahatma
Gangrene
Gases
Gas lighting
Gas warfare, World War I
Genetic engineering
German chemical industry
Germ theory
Gin and tonic
Ginger
Glucosamine
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glycerin
Glycerol
Glycine
Glycogen
Glycosides, toxic
Glycosidic compounds
Glycyrrhiza glabra
(licorice)
Gold
Goldberger, Joseph
Golf balls
Goodyear, Charles
Goodyear, Nelson
Gossypium
species (cotton)
Gossypol
Graebe, Carl
Greece, ancient spices
Green pepper
Green tea
Grenada
Guayule
Gulonic acid
Guncotton
Gunpowder
Gutta-percha
 
Haber, Fritz
Haiti, coffee trade
Halite (rock salt)
Hallucinogens
Hancock, Thomas
Hannibal
Hanseatic League
Hardtack
Harrison, James
Hasskarl, Justus
Hawkins, Richard
Haworth, Norman
Haworth formulas
Heart disease
Hemlock
Hemoglobin
Henbane
Henne, Albert
Henry the Navigator
Herbalists, witches as
Herbs
poisonous
Hercules
Herodotus
Heroin
Hevea brasiliensis
Hexachlorophene
Hexuronic acid
Hexylresorcinol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Hippocrates
History, chemical influences
Hoechst Dyeworks
Hofmann, Albert
Hofmann, August
Hofmann, Felix
Homer
Honey
Honeybees(illus.)
Hong Kong
Hooker, Joseph
Hospitals
Hotel, made from salt(illus.)
“Hot” molecules
Hudson, Henry
Humans, and vitamin C
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluorocarbon
Hyoscine/hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamus niger
(henbane)
 
Ice, cooling with
IG Farben
Ignarro, Louis
Immunities
Indentured labor
India
Indican
Indigo
Indonesia, Spice Islands
Indoxol
Industrial Revolution
and salt tax
Infant mortality, soap and
Influenza
Inoculations
Inorganic compounds
Inquisition
Insecticides
natural
Insulin
Ions
Isatis tinctoria
(woad)
Isis
Islam, spread of
Isoeugenol
Isomers
Isoprene
Ivory(illus.)
 
Jabir ibn Hayyan
James I, king of England
James II, king of England
Java, cinchona estates
Javanese fern
Jenner, Edward
Jesuits, and quinine
Juglone
Jussieu, Joseph de
 
Kermesic acid
Kidney stones
Kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth)
Kodak film
Kyushu, Japan, PCB poisoning
 
Labor laws
Laccifer lacca
beetle
La Condamine, Charles-Marie de Lactase
Lactone
Lactose
Lancashire, England Lancaster, James
Latex
Laudanum
Lauric acid
Laveran, Charles-Louis-Alphonse
Laws:
labor-related
olive tree protection
restricting birth control
Lawsone
Lead acetate
Lead poisoning
Leary, Timothy
Leblanc, Nicolas
Ledger, Charles
Leopold II, king of Belgium Lidocaine
Liebermann, Carl
Life expectancy
Lignin
Lind, James,
A Treatise on Scurvy
Linoleic/linolenic acid
Lipoproteins
Lippia dulcis
(verbena)
Liquidamber orientalis
(sweetgum)
Lister, Joseph
Livingstone, David
Lloyd's of London
London coffeehouses
Louis Philippe, king of France
Louis XI, king of France
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Lysergic acid
 
Ma huang
McCormick, Katherine
Mace
Macintosh, Charles
Madder plants
Magellan, Ferdinand
“Magic bullet” approach
Magnesium chloride
Malaria
Malaysia, rubber plantations
Manaus, Brazil
Manchester, England
Mandragora officinarum
(mandrake)
Manhattan Island
Maple syrup
Marco Polo
Marijuana
Marker, Russell(illus.)
Marker degradation
Mauve dye
MDMA (Ecstasy, hallucinogen)
Meat, transport of
Mechanization
Mefloquine
Men, and oral contraception
Meperidine (Demerol)
Mercury, syphilis treatment
Mescaline
Methadone
Methane
Methanol
Methyl chloride
Miasma theory
Middle Ages
Middle passage
Midgley, Thomas, Jr.
Milk, digestion of
Milk sugar (lactose)
Minerva
Mining, explosives used in
Molds, curative properties
Molecules, and human events
Molina, Mario
Moluccas (Spice Islands)
Monkshood
Monosaccarides
Monounsturated fatty acids
Montreal Protocol
Mordant dyes
Morphine
Mortality rates
Morton, William
Morus alba
(mulberry)
Mosquitoes
Motion picture film
Mulberry
Mules, and contraception
Murad, Ferid
Murex
(snail)
Mustard gas
Myristic acid
Myristica fragrans
(nutmeg)
Myristicin
 
N-acetyl glucosamine
Naming of vitamins
Naphtha
Naphthoquinone
Napoleon's army
Narcotics
Natta, Giulio
Nerve gases, atropine and
Neurotransmitter, nicotine
Niacin (nicotinic acid)
Nicot, Jean
Nicotiana
species
Nicotine
Nicotinic acid (niacin)
Nitrates
Nitric acid
Nitric oxide
Nitrocellulose artificial silk from
Nitrogen
Nitroglycerin
Nobel, Alfred Bernard
Nobel Prizes
Norethindrone
Norethynodrel
Novocaine
Nutmeg
Nylon(illus.)
 
Ocean voyages, and scurvy
Oil (petroleum)
Oils
See also
Olive oil
Olea europaea
(olive)(illus.)
Oleic acid
Olive oil
Opium
Oral contraceptives
Orange dyes
Organic chemistry industry
Organic compounds
Organophosphate insecticides
Ortho
Ostia, Italy
Oxalic acid
Oxidation reaction
Oxygen
Ozone layer
 
PABA
Palaquium
tree
Palmitic acid
Palmitoleic acid
p-Aminobenzoic acid
Papaver somniferum
(poppy)
Paper manufacture
Paprika
Paraguay
(refrigerator ship)
Parathion
Parke-Davis, drug company
Parsley
Parthenium argentatum
(guayule)
Pasteur, Louis
Pauling, Linus
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
Pellagra
Pelletier, Joseph
Penicillins
Pentapeptides
Peppers
Peptide bonds
Performance-enhancing drugs
Perkin, William Henry
Peru, cochineal production
Pesticides
natural
PETN (pentaerythritoltetranitrate)
Pharmaceutical industry and progesterone
Phenols antiseptic
Phosgene gas
Photographic film
Photographic paper
Pickles, Samuel Shrowder
Picric acid
Pigments
Pincus, Gregory
Piper nigrum
(pepper)
Piperine
PKU (phenylketonuria)
Plague (Black Death)
Plants:
chemical protections
cleansing power of
dyes from
latex-producing
medicinal
poisonous
Plasmodium
parasites
Plastic explosives (PETN)
Plastics
Pliny
Pneumonia
Poisonous plants
Polyamides, nylon
Polymerization, in rubber
Polymers
cellulose-based
hemoglobin
isoprene
rubber
silk
Polypeptides
Polyphenols
Polysaccharides
Polystyrene

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