Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre (159 page)

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Authors: Jonathan Israel

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BOOK: Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre
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31
.  Dwyer,
Napoleon
, 306–7.
32
.  Broers,
Napoleonic Empire
, 32–34.
33
.  
Journal des hommes libres
, no. 3 (18 Vendémiaire, Year V), 11.
34
.  Gioia,
Dissertazione
, 153.
35
.  Ibid., 155–56.
36
.  Gorani,
Mémoires secrets
, 1:54–55; Palmieri,
Riflessioni
, 28; Israel,
Democratic Enlightenment
.
37
.  Rao,
Regno di Napoli
, 128–29.
38
.  Ferrone,
Società giusta
, 217, 230–36.
39
.  Jacobitti,
Revolutionary Humanism
, 24; Ferrone,
Società giusta
, 232–33; De Francesco, “How Not to Finish,” 172.
40
.  De Francesco, “How Not to Finish,” 175.
41
.  Jacobitti,
Revolutionary Humanism
, 25.
42
.  Broers,
Napoleonic Empire
, 41–44.
43
.  Ibid., 44–45.
44
.  Gioia,
Dissertazione,
253, 262–63, 267; Jacobitti,
Revolutionary Humanism,
26; De Francesco, “How Not to Finish,” 170–71.
45
.  De Francesco, “How Not to Finish,” 168.
46
.  Le Breton, “Considérations sur l’Egypte,” in
La Décade philosophique
, no. 20 (20 Germinal, Year VII), 78.
47
.  Hitzel, “La France,” 10–11.
48
.  [Feller],
Journal historique
, 1:433 (15 March 1793) and 1:601–2 (15 April 1793).
49
.  
Gazette Nationale,
no. 180 (20 March 1794), 742.
50
.  Raynal,
Histoire philosophique
6:20 (1780).
51
.  Le Breton, “Considérations sur l’Egypte,” in
La Décade philosophique,
no. 20 (20 Germinal, Year VII), 79–81.
52
.  Fromm,
Bibliographie
, 6:261.
53
.  Raynal,
Histoire philosophique
, 4:110, 4:112 (1770).
54
.  D’Argens,
The Jewish Spy,
2:104, 2:155–56.
55
.  Ibid., 2:158.
56
.  Volney,
Voyage en Syrie
, 1:173.
57
.  Ibid., 1:379, 1:382–83.
58
.  Ibid., 1:342.
59
.  Ibid., 1:436.
60
.  Ibid., 2:405.
61
.  Ibid., 2:432.
62
.  Ibid.
63
.  Ibid., 2:410.
64
.  Ibid., 1:186, 1:381–82; Israel,
Revolution of the Mind
, 222–23.
65
.  Israel,
Revolution of the Mind
, 743.
66
.  Dwyer,
Napoleon
, 338–39; Lawday,
Napoleon’s Master
, 92, 108.
67
.  Hitzel, “La France,” 15.
68
.  GSAC GD (1797–98) 2, section 2, fols. 7, 8, and 21.
69
.  Bartolini to Commandant Gentili, Corfu, 22 March 1798, GSAC Allilografia diaphoros (1797–98) 1, fol. 87.
70
.  Report, “Isles de Levant” (8 Feb. 1798), in Anoyatis-Pele,
Six rapports
, 21–24.
71
.  GSAC GD (1797–98) 2, section 5, 17, fol. 47, edict Corfu, 26 Prairial, Year VI.
72
.  Ibid., 1, section 2, fol. 78.
73
.  Ibid., 1, section 2, fols. 132, 144.
74
.  Ibid., 1, fols. 444–46.
75
.  Lefebvre,
French Revolution
, 219.
76
.  Cherfils,
Napoleon and Islam
, 5.
77
.  Bourguet, “Des Savants,” 21.
78
.  Bourguet, “Science and Memory,” 96–97.
79
.  Al-Jabarti,
History
, 22; Cherfils,
Napoleon and Islam,
5–8.
80
.  Cherfils,
Napoleon and Islam
, 6–7.
81
.  Al-Jabarti,
History
, 25–26; Bell,
First Total War
, 209.
82
.  Laissus, “Commission,” 39–40; Dentz,
Napoleon Bonaparte
, 83; Raymond, “Les Egyptiens,” 105–6, 108.
83
.  Coller, “Egypt,” 127.
84
.  Cherfils,
Napoleon and Islam
, 11–12.
85
.  Al-Jabarti,
History
, 67, 71, 75, 81, 117; Dentz,
Napoleon Bonaparte
, 62, 64.
86
.  Al-Jabarti,
History
, 75–76.
87
.  Dwyer,
Napoleon
, 341, 343–47; Dentz,
Napoleon Bonaparte
, 35, 82–83.
88
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 30 (20 Germinal, Year VII), 119–20; Régent, “L’Égypte,” 85.
89
.  Régent, “L’Égypte,” 90–91.
90
.  Gaulmier,
Un grand témoin
, 235.
91
.  Ortega, “La régénération,” 97, 99.
92
.  Laissus, “Commission,” 39–40; Raymond, “Les Égyptiens,” 108–9.
93
.  Al-Jabarti,
History
, 71; Dwyer,
Napoleon Bonaparte
, 390–91.
94
.  Le Breton, “Considérations sur l’Egypte,” in
La Décade philosophique
, no. 20 (20 Germinal, Year VII); Régent, “L’Égypte,” 84; Coller, “Egypt,” 129.
95
.  Gaulmier,
Un grand témoin
, 232–33.
96
.  Kitchin,
Journal
, 14–15; Régent, “L’Égypte,” 86–87.
97
.  Le Breton, “Considérations sur l’Egypte,” in
La Décade philosophique,
no. 20 (20 Germinal, Year VII), 149.
98
.  Le Breton, “Considérations sur l’Egypte,” in
La Décade philosophique,
no. 20 (20 Germinal, Year VII), 149–54.
99
.  Régent, “L’Égypte,” 88.

100
.  Staum,
Minerva’s Message
, 134; Sonenscher,
Before the Deluge
, 334–36, 338–46.

101
.  Régent, “L’Égypte,” 87.

102
.  Régent, “L’Égypte,” 89; Raymond, “Les Egyptiens,” 104.

CHAPTER 24

The Failed Revolution (1797–99)

1
.  Jullien,
L’Orateur plébéien
1 (21 Brumaire, Year IV), 10;
Journal des hommes libres,
no. 119 (14 Pluviose, Year V), 482–83.
2
.  
Journal des hommes libres,
no. 5 (20 Vendémiaire, Year V), 20 and no. 7 (22 Vendémiaire, Year V), 27.
3
.  Buonarroti,
Conspiration pour l’égalité
, 1:53, 1:70–72, 1:81–82, 1:113–14; Scott, “François Noël Babeuf,” 7.
4
.  Buonarroti,
Conspiration pour l’égalité
, 1:88–89; Mathiez,
Fall of Robespierre
, 224–26; Fajn, “Attitude of the
Journal des hommes libres
,” 233.
5
.  Rose,
Gracchus Babeuf
, 214–15; Fajn, “Attitude of the
Journal des hommes libres
,” 234.
6
.  Buonarroti,
Conspiration pour l’égalité
, 1:134–40, 1:154, 1:156, 1:198.
7
.  Ibid., 1:24; Vovelle,
Les Jacobins
, 32.
8
.  Maréchal,
Manifeste des égaux
, 86.
9
.  Ibid.
10
.  
Journal des hommes libres
, no. 119 (3 Feb. 1797), 482.
11
.  
Journal de Perlet
, no. 497 (23 March 1797), 177, 180.
12
.  Bonneville,
Vieux Tribun
, 115, 126–27.
13
.  
Journal de Perlet,
no. 500 (26 March 1797), 198.
14
.  Gueniffey,
Dix-huit Brumaire
, 113.
15
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 31 (4th trimeste, 20 Thermidor, Year V), 249–51 and no. 32 (4th Trimester, Year V, 7 Aug. 1797), 313.
16
.  
La Décade philosophique
no. 32 (4th Trimestre, Year V, 7 Aug. 1797), 311.
17
.  Babeuf,
Defense
, 23; Buonarroti,
Conspiration pour l’égalité
, 2:22–27.
18
.  Tarin,
Diderot et la Révolution
, 110–15.
19
.  Kouvelakis,
Philosophy and Revolution
, 79.
20
.  Ibid.
21
.  Maréchal,
Manifeste des égaux
, 92.
22
.  Ibid., 94.
23
.  Ibid., 86–87; Kouvelakis,
Philosophy and Revolution
, 81.
24
.  
Journal de Perlet
, no. 500 (26 March 1797), 200.
25
.  Buonarroti,
Conspiration pour l’égalité
, 2:59–61; Fajn, “Attitude of the
Journal des hommes libres
,” 238–39.
26
.  Dommanget,
Babeuf
, 80–81; Kouvelakis,
Philosophy and Revolution
, 52.
27
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 31 (4th trimestre, 20 Thermidor, Year V), 247–56; Staël,
Considerations
, 399–400.
28
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 36 (4th Trimestre, Year V, 16 Sept., 1797), 563.
29
.  Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 8; Craiutu,
Virtue for Courageous Minds
, 184; Welch,
Liberty and Utility
, 36–37.
30
.  Staum,
Cabanis
, 282; Wood, “Benjamin Constant,” 7–8.
31
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 36 (4th Trimestre, Year V, 16 Sept., 1797), 566.
32
.  Ibid., 567.
33
.  Chopelin-Blanc,
De l’apologétique
, 104–5.
34
.  Leuwers,
Un Juriste en politique
, 194–96.
35
.  H. G. Brown, “Search for Stability,” 24–25.
36
.  Woloch, “La République directoriale,” 312.
37
.  Desan,
Reclaiming the Sacred
, 12, 162; Leuwers,
Un Juriste en politique
, 197–98.
38
.  H. G. Brown, “Search for Stability,” 25; Aston,
Religion and Revolution
, 281.
39
.  Mathiez,
La Théophilanthropie
, 132–33.
40
.  Woloch, “La République directoriale,” 315–17.
41
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 36 (4th Trimstre, Year V, 16 Sept. 1797), 536.
42
.  Woloch, “La République directoriale,” 317–18.
43
.  Ibid., 315–17; Staum,
Cabanis
, 274; Jainchill,
Reimagining Politics
, 80–81.
44
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 32 (4th Trimestre, Year V, 7 Aug. 1797), 317.
45
.  Bonneville,
Vieux Tribun
, 1:120.
46
.  Staum,
Cabanis
, 274.
47
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 36 (4th Trimestre, Year V, 16 Sept. 1797), 565; Bertaud,
Les Amis du roi
, 251.
48
.  Leuwers,
Un Juriste en politique
, 109–10, 193–96.
49
.  Jainchill,
Reimagining Politics
, 82–83.
50
.  Wickwar,
Baron d’Holbach
, 112.
51
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 32 (4th Trimestre, Year V, 7 Aug. 1797), 283–86; Helvétius,
Réflexions
, 32n; Smith,
Bibliography
, 292–93.
52
.  
La Décade philosophique
, no. 32 (4th Trimestre, Year V, 7 Aug. 1797), 284.

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