Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre (156 page)

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Authors: Jonathan Israel

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BOOK: Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre
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115
.  Belissa, “Les Leçons de républicanisme,” 64–66.

116
.  Wahnich,
L’impossible citoyen
, 160–61; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 290.

117
.  Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 453.

118
.  Wahnich,
L’impossible citoyen
, 185; Buel,
Joel Barlow
, 179.

119
.  Buel,
Joel Barlow
, 179–80.

120
.  
Journal de Perlet
7, no. 434 (30 Nov. 1793), 485–86.

121
.  Sewell, “Sans-Culotte Rhetoric,” 257–61.

122
.  
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 461 (27 Dec. 1793), 214, no. 463 (29 Dec. 1793), 229–30, and no. 464 (30 Dec. 1793), 238.

123
.  Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 46, 148–49,181–83; Robisco,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
, 233.

124
.  Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1492 (5 Nivose, Year II), 6516; Guilhaumou and Monnier, “Cordeliers,” 207.

125
.  Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 162–63.

126
.  
Gazette nationale
, no. 94 (24 Dec. 1793), 27;
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 459 (25 Dec. 1793), 198–200 and no. 460 (26 Dec. 1793), 208; Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 218–19.

127
.  Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1492 (5 Novise, Year II), 6517–18;
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 456 (22 Dec. 1793), 171.

128
.  Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 108–9.

129
.  
Gazette nationale
, no. 94 (24 Dec. 1793), 26–27;
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 461 (27 Dec. 1793), 214–15.

130
.  
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 465 (31 Dec. 1793), 241.

131
.  Ibid., no. 460 (26 Dec. 1793), 204–5; Dupuy,
La république jacobine
, 242–43.

132
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 82:464 (29 Dec. 1793); Moore,
Moral Purity
, 69–76.

133
.  Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 89, 115; Sa’adah,
Shaping
, 182.

134
.  
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 45 (31 Dec. 1793), 241–43.

135
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:598–99 (7 Jan. 1794); Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1509 (22 Nivose, Year II), 6652–53; Gershoy,
Betrand Barère
, 206.

136
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:601 (8 Jan. 1794); Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 163–64, 179; Sonenscher,
Sans-Culottes
, 405.

137
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:610 (12 Jan. 1794);
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 480 (15 Jan. 1794), 35.

138
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:605 (10 Jan. 1794); Moore,
Moral Purity
, 131.

139
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:605 (10 Jan. 1794).

140
.  
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 477 (12 Jan. 1794), 340; Chopelin-Blanc,
De l’apologétique
, 520–21, 534–37.

141
.  
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 478 (13 Jan. 1794), 348–49; Chopelin-Blanc,
De l’apologétique
, 510–11.

142
.  
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 483 (18 Jan. 1794), 388.

143
.  Ibid., no. 481 (26 Jan. 1794); Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 194–95.

144
.  Doyle,
Oxford History
, 258.

CHAPTER 20

The Terror’s Last Months (March–July 1794)

1
.  Roederer,
Spirit of the Revolution
, 82.
2
.  Becamps,
Un Bordelais
, 74–75.
3
.  E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 405; Popkin, “Not Over After All,” 814.
4
.  Tulard,
Histoire et dictionnaire
, 1114; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 293; Andress,
The Terror
, 212–13.
5
.  Tulard,
Histoire et dictionnaire
, 798; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 293.
6
.  D’Abrantès,
Salons révolutionnaires
, 105.
7
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:674 (6 March 1794); Jacob,
Hébert
, 317; Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 460.
8
.  Audouin,
Journal universel
no. 1556 (9 Ventose, Year II), 7052; Jacob,
Hébert
, 317, 319.
9
.  Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1573 (26 Ventose, Year II), 7161–62.
10
.  Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 176–80.
11
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:683–84 (14 March 1794); Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 462–63.
12
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:686–87 (14 March 1794).
13
.  Jacob,
Hébert
, 333; Antheunis,
Le conventionnel belge
, 64–65; Tulard,
Histoire et dictionnaire
, 1075.
14
.  Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1577 (30 Ventose, Year II), 7194; Dupuy,
La république jacobine
, 252–53; Scurr,
Fatal Purity
, 277; Jacob,
Hébert
, 336.
15
.  Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 713; Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 90–91;
Gazette nationale
176 (16 March 1794), 706.
16
.  Linton,
Conspiracies Real and Imagined
, 138.
17
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 6:11–12 (21 March 1794).
18
.  Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 202, 211; McPhee,
Robespierre
, 189; Linton,
Conspiracies Real and Imagined
, 137–41.
19
.  Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 110; Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 713; Wallon,
Histoire
, 1:37, 1:49, 1:53; Rosendaal,
Bataven!
, 413.
20
.  Andress,
The Terror
, 268; Rosendaal,
Bataven!
, 414–15; Klein,
Patriots republikanisme
, 249.
21
.  Jacob,
Hébert
, 350–51.
22
.  Ibid., 353; Gershoy,
Betrand Barère
, 213–14; Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 469, 481.
23
.  Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 96.
24
.  Ibid., 113; Sa’adah,
Shaping
, 181–82.
25
.  Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 96–97.
26
.  Ibid., 134–37.
27
.  Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 102, 130, 150, 156; Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 61; Gueniffey,
La politique de la Terreur
, 30–31, 271–72.
28
.  Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 205.
29
.  Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 221–23; McPhee,
Robespierre
, 190–91.
30
.  Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 215, 231; Antheunis,
Le conventionnel belge
, 67–68.
31
.  Staël,
Considerations
, 362; Guillois,
Salon de Madame Helvétius
, 83–84.
32
.  Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 32.
33
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 6:36–37 (31 March 1794).
34
.  Ibid., 6:51 (5 April 1794).
35
.  Dard,
Hérault de Sechelles
, 357.
36
.  Vinot,
Saint-Just
, 277–79.
37
.  Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 718–25; Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 193, 195–96; Godineau,
Women of Paris
, 187–88.
38
.  Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 6:43–52 (5 April 1794).
39
.  Wahnich,
L’Impossible citoyen
, 202.
40
.  Roederer,
Spirit of the Revolution
, 81–88.
41
.  Audouin,
Journal universel
1576 (29 Ventose, Year II), 7186, 7190.
42
.  Roederer,
Spirit of the Revolution
, 84.
43
.  De Baecque, “Pamphlets,” 166.
44
.  Zizek, “Plume de fer,” 627–28.
45
.  Popkin,
Right-Wing Press
, 17, 19.
46
.  Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 748;
La Décade philosophique
1 (10 Floreal), 35–37; Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 199.
47
.  Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 756–62;
La Décade philosophique
1 (10 Floreal), 39–40, 42; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 291.
48
.  
La Décade philosophique
1 (10 Floreal), 33.
49
.  Ibid., 76.
50
.  Ibid.
51
.  Ibid., 73–74.
52
.  Ibid., 77.
53
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 90:137 (7 May 1794); Ozouf,
Festivals
, 108–9.
54
.  Robespierre,
Discours du 18 Floreal
, 16.
55
.  Ibid., 20.
56
.  Ibid., 21.
57
.  Ibid., 36; E. Badinter and R. Badinter,
Condorcet, 1743–1794
, 575.
58
.  Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 30; Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 716; Roederer,
De la philosophie
, 36.
59
.  Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 31–32; Crow,
Emulation
, 175–76, 178.
60
.  Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 33;
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Floreal), 190.
61
.  Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 43–44; Ozouf,
Festivals
, 108; Edelstein,
Terror
, 232–34.
62
.  Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 20–21; Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 273; Scurr,
Fatal Purity
, 289–92.
63
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 90:567–68 (23 May).
64
.  Ibid., 93:8–9, 13, 39 (9 July 1794).
65
.  Ibid., 90:576 (13 June).
66
.  Ibid., 93:37 (10 July 1794).
67
.  Ibid., 93:122 (13 July 1794).
68
.  Ibid., 91:302 (4 June 1794).
69
.  Ibid., 91:228 (2 June 1794).
70
.  Ibid., 93:301, 310–11 (19 July 1794).
71
.  Mongrédien,
French Music
, 39–40, 266; Gueniffey,
La politique de la Terreur
, 275, 301, 315.
72
.  
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Prairial), 339–40; Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 4–5.
73
.  
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Prairial), 341–42; Kitchin,
Journal
, 6, 17, 30–31, 34.
74
.  
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Prairial), 342–46; Tallett, “Robespierre and Religion,” 102–6.
75
.  Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 4–5.
76
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 90:569 (23 May 1794), 93:59 (10 July1794), and 93:284 (18 July 1794).
77
.  Dupuy,
La république jacobine
, 264; Andress,
The Terror
, 311, 325, 330.
78
.  Gueniffey,
La politique de la Terreur
, 277–84.
79
.  
Annales Patriotiques
, no. 552 (7 July 1794), 2420.
80
.  Wollstonecraft,
Collected Letters
, 255.

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