Authors: Jonathan Israel
Tags: #History, #Europe, #France, #Revolutionary, #Modern, #18th Century, #Philosophy, #Political, #Social
115
. Belissa, “Les Leçons de républicanisme,” 64–66.
116
. Wahnich,
L’impossible citoyen
, 160–61; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 290.
117
. Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 453.
118
. Wahnich,
L’impossible citoyen
, 185; Buel,
Joel Barlow
, 179.
119
. Buel,
Joel Barlow
, 179–80.
120
.
Journal de Perlet
7, no. 434 (30 Nov. 1793), 485–86.
121
. Sewell, “Sans-Culotte Rhetoric,” 257–61.
122
.
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 461 (27 Dec. 1793), 214, no. 463 (29 Dec. 1793), 229–30, and no. 464 (30 Dec. 1793), 238.
123
. Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 46, 148–49,181–83; Robisco,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
, 233.
124
. Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1492 (5 Nivose, Year II), 6516; Guilhaumou and Monnier, “Cordeliers,” 207.
125
. Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 162–63.
126
.
Gazette nationale
, no. 94 (24 Dec. 1793), 27;
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 459 (25 Dec. 1793), 198–200 and no. 460 (26 Dec. 1793), 208; Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 218–19.
127
. Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1492 (5 Novise, Year II), 6517–18;
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 456 (22 Dec. 1793), 171.
128
. Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 108–9.
129
.
Gazette nationale
, no. 94 (24 Dec. 1793), 26–27;
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 461 (27 Dec. 1793), 214–15.
130
.
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 465 (31 Dec. 1793), 241.
131
. Ibid., no. 460 (26 Dec. 1793), 204–5; Dupuy,
La république jacobine
, 242–43.
132
.
Archives Parlementaires
, 82:464 (29 Dec. 1793); Moore,
Moral Purity
, 69–76.
133
. Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 89, 115; Sa’adah,
Shaping
, 182.
134
.
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 45 (31 Dec. 1793), 241–43.
135
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:598–99 (7 Jan. 1794); Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1509 (22 Nivose, Year II), 6652–53; Gershoy,
Betrand Barère
, 206.
136
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:601 (8 Jan. 1794); Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 163–64, 179; Sonenscher,
Sans-Culottes
, 405.
137
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:610 (12 Jan. 1794);
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 480 (15 Jan. 1794), 35.
138
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:605 (10 Jan. 1794); Moore,
Moral Purity
, 131.
139
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:605 (10 Jan. 1794).
140
.
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 477 (12 Jan. 1794), 340; Chopelin-Blanc,
De l’apologétique
, 520–21, 534–37.
141
.
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 478 (13 Jan. 1794), 348–49; Chopelin-Blanc,
De l’apologétique
, 510–11.
142
.
Journal de Perlet
8, no. 483 (18 Jan. 1794), 388.
143
. Ibid., no. 481 (26 Jan. 1794); Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 194–95.
144
. Doyle,
Oxford History
, 258.
CHAPTER 20
The Terror’s Last Months (March–July 1794)
1
. Roederer,
Spirit of the Revolution
, 82.
2
. Becamps,
Un Bordelais
, 74–75.
3
. E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 405; Popkin, “Not Over After All,” 814.
4
. Tulard,
Histoire et dictionnaire
, 1114; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 293; Andress,
The Terror
, 212–13.
5
. Tulard,
Histoire et dictionnaire
, 798; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 293.
6
. D’Abrantès,
Salons révolutionnaires
, 105.
7
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:674 (6 March 1794); Jacob,
Hébert
, 317; Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 460.
8
. Audouin,
Journal universel
no. 1556 (9 Ventose, Year II), 7052; Jacob,
Hébert
, 317, 319.
9
. Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1573 (26 Ventose, Year II), 7161–62.
10
. Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 176–80.
11
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:683–84 (14 March 1794); Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 462–63.
12
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 5:686–87 (14 March 1794).
13
. Jacob,
Hébert
, 333; Antheunis,
Le conventionnel belge
, 64–65; Tulard,
Histoire et dictionnaire
, 1075.
14
. Audouin,
Journal universel
, no. 1577 (30 Ventose, Year II), 7194; Dupuy,
La république jacobine
, 252–53; Scurr,
Fatal Purity
, 277; Jacob,
Hébert
, 336.
15
. Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 713; Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 90–91;
Gazette nationale
176 (16 March 1794), 706.
16
. Linton,
Conspiracies Real and Imagined
, 138.
17
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 6:11–12 (21 March 1794).
18
. Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 202, 211; McPhee,
Robespierre
, 189; Linton,
Conspiracies Real and Imagined
, 137–41.
19
. Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 110; Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 713; Wallon,
Histoire
, 1:37, 1:49, 1:53; Rosendaal,
Bataven!
, 413.
20
. Andress,
The Terror
, 268; Rosendaal,
Bataven!
, 414–15; Klein,
Patriots republikanisme
, 249.
21
. Jacob,
Hébert
, 350–51.
22
. Ibid., 353; Gershoy,
Betrand Barère
, 213–14; Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 469, 481.
23
. Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 96.
24
. Ibid., 113; Sa’adah,
Shaping
, 181–82.
25
. Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 96–97.
26
. Ibid., 134–37.
27
. Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 102, 130, 150, 156; Desmoulins,
Vieux Cordelier
, 61; Gueniffey,
La politique de la Terreur
, 30–31, 271–72.
28
. Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 205.
29
. Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 221–23; McPhee,
Robespierre
, 190–91.
30
. Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 215, 231; Antheunis,
Le conventionnel belge
, 67–68.
31
. Staël,
Considerations
, 362; Guillois,
Salon de Madame Helvétius
, 83–84.
32
. Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 32.
33
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 6:36–37 (31 March 1794).
34
. Ibid., 6:51 (5 April 1794).
35
. Dard,
Hérault de Sechelles
, 357.
36
. Vinot,
Saint-Just
, 277–79.
37
. Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 718–25; Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 193, 195–96; Godineau,
Women of Paris
, 187–88.
38
. Aulard,
La Société des Jacobins
, 6:43–52 (5 April 1794).
39
. Wahnich,
L’Impossible citoyen
, 202.
40
. Roederer,
Spirit of the Revolution
, 81–88.
41
. Audouin,
Journal universel
1576 (29 Ventose, Year II), 7186, 7190.
42
. Roederer,
Spirit of the Revolution
, 84.
43
. De Baecque, “Pamphlets,” 166.
44
. Zizek, “Plume de fer,” 627–28.
45
. Popkin,
Right-Wing Press
, 17, 19.
46
. Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 748;
La Décade philosophique
1 (10 Floreal), 35–37; Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 199.
47
. Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 756–62;
La Décade philosophique
1 (10 Floreal), 39–40, 42; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 291.
48
.
La Décade philosophique
1 (10 Floreal), 33.
49
. Ibid., 76.
50
. Ibid.
51
. Ibid., 73–74.
52
. Ibid., 77.
53
.
Archives Parlementaires
, 90:137 (7 May 1794); Ozouf,
Festivals
, 108–9.
54
. Robespierre,
Discours du 18 Floreal
, 16.
55
. Ibid., 20.
56
. Ibid., 21.
57
. Ibid., 36; E. Badinter and R. Badinter,
Condorcet, 1743–1794
, 575.
58
. Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 30; Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 716; Roederer,
De la philosophie
, 36.
59
. Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 31–32; Crow,
Emulation
, 175–76, 178.
60
. Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 33;
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Floreal), 190.
61
. Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 43–44; Ozouf,
Festivals
, 108; Edelstein,
Terror
, 232–34.
62
. Robespierre,
Discours du 8 Thermidor
, 20–21; Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 273; Scurr,
Fatal Purity
, 289–92.
63
.
Archives Parlementaires
, 90:567–68 (23 May).
64
. Ibid., 93:8–9, 13, 39 (9 July 1794).
65
. Ibid., 90:576 (13 June).
66
. Ibid., 93:37 (10 July 1794).
67
. Ibid., 93:122 (13 July 1794).
68
. Ibid., 91:302 (4 June 1794).
69
. Ibid., 91:228 (2 June 1794).
70
. Ibid., 93:301, 310–11 (19 July 1794).
71
. Mongrédien,
French Music
, 39–40, 266; Gueniffey,
La politique de la Terreur
, 275, 301, 315.
72
.
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Prairial), 339–40; Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 4–5.
73
.
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Prairial), 341–42; Kitchin,
Journal
, 6, 17, 30–31, 34.
74
.
La Décade philosophique
1 (30 Prairial), 342–46; Tallett, “Robespierre and Religion,” 102–6.
75
. Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 4–5.
76
.
Archives Parlementaires
, 90:569 (23 May 1794), 93:59 (10 July1794), and 93:284 (18 July 1794).
77
. Dupuy,
La république jacobine
, 264; Andress,
The Terror
, 311, 325, 330.
78
. Gueniffey,
La politique de la Terreur
, 277–84.
79
.
Annales Patriotiques
, no. 552 (7 July 1794), 2420.
80
. Wollstonecraft,
Collected Letters
, 255.