Shadow Warrior (86 page)

42
. Quoted in Ahern,
CIA and the House of Ngo
, 208; William E. Colby Oral History, June 2, 1981; quoted in Colby,
Lost Victory
, 153–154. Given Tung's widespread notoriety as the Diem regime's chief instrument of repression, Colby's observation here seems incredible.

43
. Quoted in Jones,
Death of a Generation
, 429, 435.

44
. Author interview with Barbara Colby, Jan. 5, 2007; quoted in Colby,
Lost Victory
, 156.

45
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 157.

46
. Ibid., 158.

47
. Ibid., 161.

48
. Thomas L. Ahern Jr.,
CIA and the Generals: Covert Support to Military Government in South Vietnam
, Center for the Study of Intelligence, October 1998, available at National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm
, 10–11.

49
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 163.

50
. Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 129.

51
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 169.

52
. Ibid., 170.

53
. Quoted in Randall Bennett Woods,
Quest for Identity: America Since 1945
(New York: 2005), 226.

54
. Quoted in Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 133.

55
. Ibid., 136.

56
. Peer De Silva,
Sub Rosa: The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence
(New York: 1978), 211.

57
. Ahern,
CIA and the Generals
, 13, 18 n. 11.

58
. Quoted in ibid., 15.

59
. Ibid., 18; quoted in Colby,
Lost Victory
, 171.

60
. Quoted in Randall B. Woods,
LBJ: Architect of American Ambition
(New York: 2006), 509.

61
. Author interview with Layton Family, Oct. 13, 2006.

62
. Quoted in Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 140.

63
. Ibid., 143.

64
. Quoted in Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 154.

65
. Quoted in Woods,
LBJ
, 510; Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 159–160; “NSC Meeting,” May 16, 1964, John McCone Memoranda, Box 1, Papers of the National Security Council, LBJ Library; Richard Helms, with William Hood,
A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency
(New York: 2003), 322.

66
. Woods,
LBJ
, 510.

67
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 172–173.

68
. Tran Van Don,
Our Endless War
(Novato, CA: 1978), 22–23, 122–123.

69
. Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 161.

70
. Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 139; author interview with Frank Scotton, Oct. 10–12, 2007.

71
. Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 123.

72
. Ahern,
CIA and Rural Pacification
, 140, 148, 154.

73
. Quoted in ibid., 144.

74
. Ibid., 161, 162–164.

75
. Quoted in ibid., 166.

76
. Ibid., 168–171.

77
. Ibid., 175; author interview with Frank Scotton, Oct. 10–12, 2007.

78
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 179; quoted in ibid., 179.

79
. Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 146; Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
, 254.

1
. John Prados,
Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby
(New York: 2003), 158–159.

2
. Theodore Friend,
Indonesian Destinies
(Cambridge, MA: 2003), 27; Roger M. Smith, ed.,
Southeast Asia. Documents of Political Development and Change
(Ithaca, NY: 1974), 174–183.

3
. Tim Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA
(New York: 2007), 142–143; see also Andrew Roadnight,
United States Policy Towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years
(New York: 2002).

4
. Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
, 259; Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 147.

5
.
FRUS, 1964–1968, Indonesia
, vol. 26, 161, 163.

6
. Author interview with Hugh Tovar, July 27, 2007; Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
, 259; quoted in Kai Bird,
The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms
(New York: 1998), 352.

7
. M. C. Ricklefs,
A History of Modern Indonesia
(New York: 1982), 269.

8
.
FRUS, 1964–1968, Indonesia
, vol. 26, 310–313; Adam Vickers,
A History of Modern Indonesia
(Cambridge, UK: 2005), 157–158.

9
. Quoted in Bird,
Color of Truth
, 352, 353; Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 151; author interview with Hugh Tovar, July 27, 2007.

10
. Quoted in Bird,
Color of Truth
, 353.

11
. Roger Warner,
Backfire: The CIA's Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam
(New York: 1995), 20–21.

12
. Thomas L. Ahern Jr.,
Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos, 1961–1973
, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2006, available at National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm
, 34.

13
. Ibid., 8. The CIA never came up with a formal doctrine to guide operations in the Third World. The working assumptions that governed activity in Laos and Vietnam were shaped first by the OSS experience supporting partisan warfare in World War II and second by the Lansdale campaign against the Huk rebellion in the Philippines in the early 1950s. The thrust of Agency efforts was often a search for a charismatic leader who could mobilize his country's political and military resources for the struggle against the communists. Ibid., 5.

14
. Ibid., 13, 22–23.

15
. Ibid., 26–28.

16
. Author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 4, 2010; Zalin Grant,
Facing the Phoenix: The CIA and the Political Defeat of the United States in Vietnam
(New York: 1991), 142.

17
. Warner,
Backfire
, 21; quoted in Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 31.

18
. Grant,
Facing the Phoenix
, 141.

19
. Author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 5, 2010.

20
. Warner,
Backfire
, 40.

21
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 30–32.

22
. Ibid., 34.

23
. Ibid., 45, 49.

24
. Ibid., 59. US intelligence reported that up to one-half of the soldiers in any given Pathet Lao unit were North Vietnamese. Ibid., 47.

25
. Warner,
Backfire
, 59, 64.

26
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 73–77.

27
. Ibid., 85–90.

28
. Ibid., 109.

29
. Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 98; Warner,
Backfire
, 83.

30
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 126.

31
. William Colby,
Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America's Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam
(Chicago: 1989), 194–196; William Colby and Peter Forbath,
Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA
(New York: 1978), 190–194.

32
. Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men
, 193.

33
. Author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 4, 2010.

34
. Warner,
Backfire
, 76–79; Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 103–104; author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 4, 2010.

35
. Author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 4, 2010; Warner,
Backfire
, 90.

36
. Warner,
Backfire
, 89; author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 5, 2010.

37
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 195–196; Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 150–154;
FRUS, 1961–1963, Laos Crisis
, vol. 24, 972–973.

38
. “Summary Record of the 512th NSC Meeting,” April 20, 1960,
FRUS, 1961–1963, Laos Crisis
, vol. 24, 976–977; “NSCRA 2465,” April 20, 1963,
FRUS, 1961–1963, Laos Crisis
, vol. 24, 989.

39
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 162; “Memorandum for the Record,” June 19, 1963,
FRUS, 1961–1963, Laos Crisis
, vol. 24, 1030–1031.

40
. Warner,
Backfire
, 74; Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men
, 200; John F. Sullivan,
Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner
(Washington, DC: 2007), 19.

41
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 178–179.

42
. Ibid., 181.

43
.
FRUS, 1964–1968, Laos
, vol. 28, 129 n. 3.

44
. “Colby Memorandum for the Record,” June 4, 1964, and June 6, 1964,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Laos
, vol. 28, 130, 143–144.

45
. Quoted in Warner,
Backfire
, 127.

46
. Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men
, 228, 229.

47
. Prados,
Lost Crusader
, 161.

48
. Warner,
Backfire
, 155.

49
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 195, 199, 206.

50
. Author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 4, 2010.

51
. Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men
, 199; see also Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 63–64; Colby,
Lost Victory
, 198; Warner,
Backfire
, 178.

52
. Colby,
Lost Victory
, 198.

53
. Quoted in Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 213, 215.

54
. Richard H. Shultz Jr.,
The Secret War Against Hanoi: Kennedy's and Johnson's Use of Spies, Saboteurs, and Covert Warriors in North Vietnam
(New York: 1999), 213–215; Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 224–225.

55
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 67, 121–122, 213.

56
. Interview with James R. Lilley, May 21, 1998, Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Library of Congress; author interview with Vinton Lawrence, May 4, 2010; Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 261.

57
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 262; Warner,
Backfire
, 181–182.

58
. Quoted in David Corn,
Blond Ghost
(New York: 1994), 135.

59
. Interview with James R. Lilley, May 21, 1998, Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Library of Congress; Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 265.

60
. Warner,
Backfire
, 141.

61
. John L. Plaster,
SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam
(New York: 1998), 30.

62
. Ibid., 37–39.

63
. Ahern,
Undercover Armies
, 284; William E. Colby to Richard Helms, Aug. 16, 1966,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Laos
, vol. 28, 484–485.

64
. William E. Colby to Lyndon B. Johnson, July 31, 1967,
FRUS, 1964–1968, Laos
, vol. 28, 608–609.

65
. Ibid., 610.

66
. Corn,
Blond Ghost
, 163; Colby,
Lost Victory
, 198.

1
. Richard Helms, with William Hood,
A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency
(New York: 2003), 321; author interview with Frank Scotton, Oct.12–14, 2007.

2
. Thomas L. Ahern Jr.,
Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos, 1961–1973
, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2006, available at National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm
, 185, 187.

3
. Ibid., 192.

4
. Ibid., 196–197.

5
. Zalin Grant,
Facing the Phoenix: The CIA and the Political Defeat of the United States in Vietnam
(New York: 1991), 282; Tran Ngoc Chau, “Hawks, Doves and the Dragon,” unpublished memoir in the possession of author, 359.

6
. Chau, “Hawks, Doves and the Dragon,” 364.

7
. Thomas L. Ahern Jr.,
CIA and Rural Pacification in South Vietnam
, Center for the Study of Intelligence, August 2001, available at National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB284/index.htm
, 206; William E. Colby Oral History, June 2, 1981, LBJ Library.