Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (72 page)

de Bruin, Arnout, 227–30

deer (blacklegged) tick (
Ixodes scapularis
), 212–13, 241–42, 243, 244–47, 257

    diverse hosts of, 249

    life history of, 242, 248–50, 252, 255

    as Lyme disease vector, 212–13, 241–42, 255

    questing by, 250, 252

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 513–14

deforestation, 40, 67, 161–62, 163, 276, 433–35, 515

Delhi, India, 276

Delta Regional Primate Research Center, 400–401

Den Bosch, Netherlands, 224

dengue, 21, 24, 43, 270, 292, 307, 314, 346

Derrick, Edward H., 219, 220

Desmond, Jim, 334, 339–40

Desowitz, Robert S., 151

Dhaka, Bangladesh, 325, 328, 334, 375, 379

diarrhea, 291, 380–81

    bacterial, 325, 330

diphtheria, 237, 414

disease,
see
infectious disease

Dispensaire Antivénérien, 481–83

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 95–96, 108

DNA:

    attributes of, 154, 156, 270

    filter-paper collection technique for, 158–59, 514

    in retroviruses, 391, 443

DNA polymerase, 270, 309

Dongmen Market, 188, 189, 191

Dongmo, Zacharie, 435–36

Dover, Mass., 246–47

Dowhan, Joe, 241–42

DPI,
see
Queensland Department of Primary Industries

Drama Series (horse), 14–16, 19, 27, 43, 45

DRC60, 409–13, 417, 419, 420–21, 431, 482, 488

Drori, Ofir, 432–33, 435

Duerr, Shannon, 254–55

Dugas, Gaëtan (Patient Zero), 387–89, 407, 443, 489

duikers, 89, 120, 432, 451

Dutchess County, N.Y.:

    biogeography of, 257

    Lyme disease in, 253–54

Duvalier, François “Papa Doc,” 484,
486

Duvalier, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc,” 486

Duvenhage, 313

Dwyer, Greg, 499–503, 518–19

Dyer, Rolla, 221

Eating Apes
(Peterson), 434

Ebola River, 69

Ebola virus (
Zaire ebolavirus
), 24, 39, 40, 76, 182, 285, 307, 343, 352, 359, 362, 365, 403, 489, 511, 512

    in apes, 62–63, 120, 121

    bats as possible reservoirs of, 115–16, 122, 313–14, 351, 370, 371–72

    Booué outbreak of, 61–62, 73, 81, 117

    DIC and, 95–96, 108

    ecology of, 115–17

    evolutionary history of, 115, 116

    exaggerated descriptions of, 92–94, 95, 502

    genetic differences in, 119–20

    genome of, 110

    geographical dissemination of, 117–22, 431

    in gorillas, 59, 68, 91–92, 120, 122, 124, 304

    Ivindo goldmining camp outbreak of, 61, 87, 117

    Kikwit outbreak of, 72–75, 80, 91–92, 93, 113, 117

    laboratory accidents involving, 97–110

    lethality rate of, 54, 62, 63, 73, 76, 82, 110–11

    Luebo outbreak of, 370–73

    Mayibout 2 outbreak of, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 61, 72, 73, 80–81, 112–13, 114, 117, 443

    Mbomo outbreak of, 89–91, 92, 118, 122–24

    mutation rate of, 119

    and ostracism of victims’ relatives, 123

    pathology of, 94–96

    RNA of, 108

    search for reservoir hosts of, 68, 69, 70–72, 74, 75, 76, 112, 114, 115–16, 118–19, 121–22, 293, 313–14, 351, 370, 371–72

    secondary cases of, 53–54

    as sorcery, 87–91

    symptoms of, 94

    Tandala outbreak of, 76–77, 117

    total fatalities from, 91–92

    transmission mechanics of, 62, 292–93

    virions of, 268–69

    Yambuku outbreak of, 69–72, 73, 76, 97, 117, 119–22

Ebola virus (
Zaire ebolavirus
), spillover mechanism of, 111, 115, 116–17

    “particle” hypothesis for, 118, 120–22

    “wave” hypothesis for, 118–20

ebolaviruses, 53–124

    Bundibugyo, 84–87

    in chimpanzees, 53, 54, 79–80

    forests linked to, 75

    genomes of, 84–85

    geographical dissemination of, 68, 76, 86–87, 117

    hiding ability of, 74–75, 111

    humans as dead-end hosts for, 83, 164, 285, 343, 373

    immune system suppression by, 94–95, 114–15

    lethality of, 54, 62, 63, 73, 76, 81–82, 90, 370

    paucity of scientific understanding of, 87, 96

    reservoir hosts of, 75, 82, 85, 86, 370

    Reston, 77–78, 81, 86–87

    species of, 176

    sporadic outbreaks of, 72, 75

    Sudan,
see
Sudan ebolavirus

    Taï Forest, 79–80, 82, 87

    transmission chain of, 82–83

    as zoonoses, 21

EcoHealth Alliance, 64, 196, 333, 514

ecosystems:

    diversity of, 23

    human-caused disruption of, 23, 40, 41, 62, 67, 161–62, 163–64, 237, 258, 343, 344–45, 369, 433–35, 439, 515–16

    infectious diseases as, 247, 251

Edinburgh, University of, 44, 45

Edward, Lake, 360

Egypt, H5N1 in, 510

Egyptian fruit bat (
Rousettus aegyptiacus
), 352–53, 355–56, 358, 372

Eigen, Manfred, 309

Eigen’s paradox, 309

electron microscopy, 318

emergence, definition of, 42–43

Emerging Infectious Diseases,
42

encephalitis, 28

endangered species, human consumption of, 188

Engel, Gregory, 277–80, 284–85, 288–89

England, Ebola accident in, 97–99

enteroviruses, 292

epidemics:

    cyclical pattern of, 132–35

    depletion of susceptibles in, 134

    fatality rate in, 142–44

    immunity in, 142

    infection rate in, 142–44

    likelihood of, 374

    mass action principle of, 132

    in nonhuman populations, 512–13

    recovery rate in, 142–44

    
SIR
model of, 143–44, 303, 367, 368

    threshold density in, 36, 144, 480

    
see also
infectious disease; pandemics

epidemiologists, 129

Epomops franqueti
(Franquet’s epauletted fruit bat), 371

Epstein, Jon, 333–38, 339–45, 356, 375, 514–15

Equatorial Guinea, 406

equine infectious anemia virus, 297

Era of Wild Flavor, 187–88, 191, 197–98, 433

erythema migrans,
240, 241

Escalante, Ananias A., 139, 148–49

Essex, Myron “Max,” 394–98, 416

Ethiopia, 483

Etouck, Sophiano, 56–57, 112–13

Europe, AIDS in, 406

European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, 513

European Community, 225

evolution, 23, 136–39, 164, 301, 360, 398, 507, 517

    of bats, 349–50

    of Ebola, 115, 116

evolution (
continued
)

    of HIV, 418, 420–22, 463, 477

    of pathogens, 235–37, 302–10, 344–45, 366–69, 499, 515–17

    of viruses, 24, 36–37, 82, 206, 264, 287, 292, 297, 299, 302–10, 322, 343, 344–45

    of zoonoses, 344–45, 515–17

Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses, The
(Holmes), 307

ezanga (evil spirits), 87–88, 89–90

Faridpur District, Bangladesh, 328, 334, 375–79

Faroe Islands, measles epidemic on, 264

Fay, Mike, 54–56, 59–60, 63, 111–13, 431

fecal sampling, 424–25, 426, 471–72

Feeroz, Mohammed Mustafa, 280–81, 283, 285

feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), 297

feline leukemia virus (FeLV), 392, 394

femmes libres
(free women), 430, 481–82, 484

Fenner, Frank, 300–302, 305, 346

Field, Hume, 26, 45, 194, 348

    in search for Hendra virus reservoirs, 26–32, 319

    in search for Nipah reservoir, 319, 320, 322, 367

filoviruses (
Filoviridae
), 70, 77, 116, 120, 268, 270

First Fleet, 37

flying foxes (
Pteropus
), 27, 31, 366–67

    black (
P. alecto
), 31, 367

    grey-headed, 31–32, 367

    as Hendra reservoirs, 27, 30–32, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115, 331, 351, 366–67, 499

    Indian (
P. giganteus
), 331, 336, 338

    large (
P. vampyrus
), 324

    little red, 366–69

    as Nipah reservoirs, 322, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 367, 514–15

    spectacled, 367

    variable (
P. hypomelanus
), 324

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), 35–36, 230, 266

Formenty, Pierre, 352, 353–54

Foshan, China, 170

Franceville, Gabon, 54, 114, 117, 370, 403

Frankfurt, Germany, SARS in, 181

Franquet’s epauletted fruit bat (
Epomops franqueti
), 371

free women (
femmes libres
), 430, 481–82, 484

French Equatorial Africa (FEA), 479–80

Friedman-Kien, Alvin E., 386, 389, 390

Froesch, Paul, 266

fruit bats, 350

    as possible Ebola reservoirs, 115–16, 122, 293

Fujian province, China, 183

Fujita, Norman K., 362, 363

fungi, 23, 40

Gabon, 478

    AIDS in, 406

    Ebola in, 53–55, 56–57, 60, 61–63, 72, 73, 80–81, 90, 111–13, 115, 117–18, 120

gachis (date-palm tappers), 332–33

Gallo, Robert, 391–93, 394

gametocytes, 136, 138

Gao, Feng, 423, 424

gemo (evil spirits), 88–89, 90

Germany, psittacosis in, 214

germ theory of disease, 130, 265, 517

Ghana, 406

Gibraltar, 408

Gilbert, Tom, 487–88

Gimble (chimpanzee), 468, 470, 471, 472

Global Viral Forecasting Initiative (GVFI), 514

goats:

    as measles reservoir, 313

    Q fever and, 223–34

Gofur (bat catcher), 334, 339, 341

Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 424, 466–77

Gombe Stream Research Center, 468, 473

gonorrhea, 481–82

Goodall, Jane, 424, 466, 467, 468–71

Google, 514

Gorgas, William C., 263, 266

gorillas:

    bushmeat from, 67, 89, 436, 437, 451

    die-offs of, 59–60, 63, 65, 91, 120, 121, 122, 124

    Ebola virus in, 59, 68, 91–92, 120, 122, 124, 304

    human diseases in, 67–68

    
see also
mountain gorillas; western gorillas

Gorinstein, Joseph B., 486

Gottlieb, Michael, 385–86, 389, 390, 407, 489

great apes, 438–39

    as bushmeat, 53, 57, 67, 89, 435–37, 438–39, 451

    Ebola in, 62–63, 120, 121

    
see also
chimpanzees; gorillas

greater spot-nosed monkeys, 464, 465

GreeneChip diagnostic system, 514

Greenfeld, Karl Taro, 187

Guangdong province, China, 169–73, 182–83, 192, 194, 195, 374

    “wet markets” in, 188–89, 191,
197–98

Guangzhou, China, 170, 171, 172, 173, 188, 196–97, 208

Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, 170, 183

guanine, 156, 306

Guan Yi, 186–87, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 207

Guholaxmipur, Bangladesh, 375–76

Guilin, China, 197–201, 208

Guinea-Bissau, 397, 402, 406

Gulu, Uganda, 81, 85, 88–89, 92, 93

Gupta, Das, 149

Gurley, Emily, 375–78, 379

gypsy moth (
Lymantria dispar
), 496, 499, 500–501, 520–21

H1N1 virus, 504

H5N1 virus (bird flu), 21, 182–83, 184, 374–75, 504, 508–11

    transmissibility in, 507–8, 510

H5N3 virus, 507

H7N7 virus, 507

habitat alteration, 367, 369

    
see also
ecosystems

Hahn, Beatrice, 140–41, 465

    and Gombe SIV research, 466–77

    in search for origins of HIV-1, 140, 422–25, 427–29, 431, 463, 480, 488

    in search for origins of
P. falciparum,
140–41

Haiti, blood plasma trade in, 485–86

Haitians, AIDS in, 386–87, 389, 484–88

Hamer, W. H., 132, 144

Hamilton, William, 416–17, 418–19

hammer-headed fruit bat (
Hypsignathus monstrosus
), 115–16, 122, 371–72

Hanoi, Vietnam, 168, 207

Hantaan virus, 24

hantaviruses, 18, 24, 270, 307, 313, 346, 347

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 21

Hanuman, 277

Harvard School of Public Health, 394

Haseltine, William, 415

Hazelton Research Products, 78

HeLa cell lineage, 184

Hellerstrom, Sven, 240, 241

hemagglutinin, 504, 507

Hemo Caribbean, 486

hemophiliacs, AIDS in, 390, 391, 489

Hendra, Australia, 14–20, 45

Hendra virus, 13–20, 23, 24, 130, 164, 182, 211, 269, 270, 307, 318, 319, 365, 512

    bats as reservoirs of, 27, 30–31, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115, 331, 351, 499

    ecology of, 366–69

Hendra virus (
continued
)

    emergence of, 38, 39, 43

    evolutionary history of, 36–37

    horses as amplifier hosts of, 34, 36

    isolation of, 25

    media and, 32

    public fear of, 32–33

    search for reservoir hosts of, 26–32, 194

    transmissibility of, 374

Henle, Jakob, 264

Hensley, Lisa, 105

hepadnaviruses, 270

hepatitis B, 270, 294, 388, 479

Herpen, Netherlands, 223–27

herpes B (Macacine herpes virus 1), 272–79, 284, 285–87, 313

    in Bali, nonexistence of human infections from, 278–79

    human case fatality rate of, 273

    humans as dead-end hosts for, 285

    low monkey-human transmission rate of, 286–87

herpes simplex, 274

herpesviruses, 270, 294

Hewlett, Barry, 87–91, 122

Heymann, David, 415

Heyuan, China, 171

Hindu temples, macaques at, 24, 276–77