Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (74 page)

Malaysia:

    malaria in, 151–54, 156–63

    mass culling of pigs in, 320

    Nipah virus in, 21, 44, 314–25, 331, 334, 367

Mambele, Cameroon, 426, 437–38

Mambili River, 63, 64, 68, 89, 122

“Manchester sailor,” 407–8

mandrills, SIV in, 114

mangabeys:

    red-capped, 464, 465

    sooty (
Cercocebus atys
), 399–401, 404, 406, 413

Maramagambo Forest, 357–58, 361

Marburg virus, 21, 22, 39, 40, 70, 92, 93, 116, 268, 307, 489

    bats as reservoirs of, 313, 351–65, 370, 372

Martin, Lillian, 212, 214

Marx, Preston, 480

mass action principle of epidemics, 132

MassTag PCR, 514

mathematics, in infectious disease research, 129–35, 141–48

May, Robert M., 302–6, 518

Mayibout 2, Gabon, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 63, 72, 73, 80–81, 112–13, 114, 117, 443

Mbah, Neville, 432, 439–40, 450

Mbomo, Republic of the Congo, 89–91, 92, 118, 122–24

M’Both, Thony, 56–57, 112–13, 114

McCormack, Joseph, 29

McCoy, George W., 215

McKendrick, Anderson G., 141–44, 146, 236, 303, 367, 518

McNeill, William H., 41, 296

measles, 19, 67, 68, 88, 129, 264, 270, 349, 381

    immunity to, 129–30

    as nonzoonotic, 130

    reservoir hosts of, 313

Medawar, Peter, 268, 271

Médecins Sans Frontières, 89

Megatransect (biological survey), 54, 59–60

Mékouka, Gabon, 87–88

Melaka virus, 314

Menangle virus, 314, 367

meningitis, 28, 240

merozoites, 136, 138

metapopulations, 367–68

Metropole Hotel, Hong Kong, 174–75, 177, 193, 206

Mexican free-tailed bats, 350

Mexico, 486

Miami, Fla., early AIDS cases in, 386–87, 389

Microbiological Research Establishment (Porton Down), 97–98

Millbrook, N.Y., 247–48, 252, 255, 257

Ministry of Health, DRC, 370, 417

Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 317

Ministry of Health, Zaire, 73

Minkébé forest, 56, 59, 60, 91, 111–12, 120

Moba Bai complex, 64–68, 89, 91, 120, 122, 466

Mobutu Sese Seko, 418, 484–85

Mok, Esther, 175–77, 180–81

molecular biology, 517

molecular phylogenetics, 137, 422, 463, 488

Moloundou, Cameroon, 439, 455

Mombo Mounene 2, DRC, 371

Mongo people, 139

monkeypox, 21, 22–23, 40, 71–72, 313, 499

Montagnier, Luc, 390–91, 392–93, 394, 397–98

Montana, Q fever in, 220–21, 231

Montgomery, Joel M., 327

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
386, 390, 486

morbilliviruses, 19, 130

Morse, Stephen S., 24

mosquitoes:

    as disease vectors, 23, 43, 128–29, 135, 263, 266, 314–15, 346

    
see also
Anopheles
mosquitoes

mountain gorillas, 67, 68, 357, 360

Moyen-Congo,
see
Congo, Republic of the

Mozambique, 483

“Mr. X,” 218, 237

Muller, Martin, 467–68, 471

mumps, 270

Munga, Albert, 438

Municipal Health Service, Den Bosch, 224

Murphey-Corb, Michael Anne, 401–2

Murray River, 298

Muslims, 281–82

mutation:

    of HIV-1, 420–21, 446, 482–83

    natural selection and, 271, 446, 507

    of viruses, 119, 270–71, 308, 309–10, 344, 345, 375, 506, 512

Muyembe, Jean-Jacques, 417, 419, 421

Mviri, Max, 432, 439–40, 449, 450–52

Myanmar, 163

Mycobacterium leprae,
400–401

Myers, Judith H., 498–99

myxoma virus, 298–302, 305–6

N95 masks, 179, 200, 202, 376–77

Naogaon District, Bangladesh, 326

National Cancer Institute, 391

National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (March of Dimes), 274

National Geographic,
55, 135, 470

National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa, 352

National Institutes of Health, 221

Natural History of Infectious Disease
(Burnet), 236

natural hosts,
see
reservoir hosts

natural selection, 302

    mutation and, 271, 446, 507

    zoonoses and, 23, 345

Nature,
44, 116, 140–41, 172, 399, 421, 423

ndumbas,
see
free women

Negley, Diane, 105, 107, 109

Negri Sembilan, Malaysia, 314–15, 317

Netherlands, 357, 363

    Q fever in, 222, 223–34

neuraminidase, 504

neurosyphilis, 149, 150

New England Journal of Medicine,
386

New England Regional Primate Research Center, 395

New Guinea, 515

New Iberia, La., 400

New South Wales, Australia, 298

    convict colony at, 37

New Straits Times,
315

Newton, Isaac, 118

New York, N.Y.:

    early AIDS cases in, 386, 388

    psittacosis in, 214

New York Times,
486

Next Big One, 42, 208, 289–90, 322, 503

    as zoonosis, 511–13

ngangas (traditional healers), 61, 62, 63

Ngbala, Cameroon, 447, 455

Ngoko River, 438, 439, 445, 449–50

Nigeria, 22

Nijmegen, Netherlands, 229–30, 232–33

Nine Mile (CCC camp), 220–21

Nipah virus, 21, 24, 39, 44, 130, 179, 270, 307, 365, 381, 512

    in Bangladesh, 325–42, 375–79, 514

    bats as reservoirs of, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 367, 514–15

    case fatality rate of, 316, 330

    human-to-human transmission of, 325, 326, 328, 330, 375–79

    in Malaysia, 314–25, 331, 334, 367

    in pigs, 314, 316–17, 319–20, 322, 367

    spillover mechanism of, 324–25

Nishihara, Tomo, 55–56

Njiforti, Hanson, 435

Nki National Park, Cameroon, 435

“Noble Goals, Unforeseen Consequences” (Pepin), 478

noninvasive sample collecting, 140, 423–24, 467, 470–71

Noord-Brabant province, Netherlands, 223–34, 357

Nottingham, University of, 465, 466

NPVs (nuclear polyhedrosis viruses), 499–503, 520

nucleotides, 154, 156, 159, 268, 270, 309

ocular larva migrans, 21

Odzala National Park, ROC, 89, 91

Okware, Sam, 85–86

Ondzie, Alain, 66–67, 91, 123

ookinetes, 136

opepe (epidemic), 90

opportunity, spillover and, 162, 278, 326, 343–45, 375, 378, 429, 431, 445, 484, 488, 516–17

oral candidiasis, 385–86, 389, 489

oral polio vaccine (OPV) hypothesis, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81

Origins of AIDS, The
(Pepin), 478

orthomyxoviruses, 512

Oryctolagus cuniculus
(European rabbit), 298–302

Ostfeld, Richard S., 245–58

Oubangui-Chari, FEA, 479

Oubangui River, 423

Ouesso, ROC, 438, 439, 447, 450–52, 453, 456–58

outbreaks (population explosions):

    crashes in, 498, 520

    human population growth as, 496–97, 503

    in Lepidoptera,
see
Lepidoptera, outbreaks in

    population density and, 499

Padma River, 326

Pakistan, 22

pandemics:

    emerging diseases and threat of, 21, 507, 517

    
see also
AIDS; epidemics; infectious disease; Spanish influenza pandemic

Panum, Peter, 264–65

papillomaviruses, 270

parakeets (budgerigars), 216, 237

paramyxoviruses (
Paramyxoviridae
), 19, 27, 30, 130, 318, 512

parasites, 40

Parasitology,
304–5

parrot fever,
see
psittacosis

Pasteur, Louis, 131–32, 234, 263, 265, 295, 517

pathogenicity,
see
virulence

pathogens:

    antibiotic-resistant, 239

    ecology and evolution of, 235–37, 302–10, 344–45, 366–69, 499, 515–17

    habitual hosts of, 20, 41

    
see also
bacteria; viruses

pathogens, emergent, 38–39

    definition of, 42–43

    human population growth and, 41

    mutation of, 375

    as preponderantly zoonotic, 43–44

    as unintended results of human activity, 39–42, 45, 161–62, 164, 237, 258, 343, 344–45

    
see also
zoonosis(es)

Patient Zero (Gaëtan Dugas), 387–89, 407, 443, 489

Pearl River Delta, 170, 187

Peeters, Martine, 403–4, 425, 427–28, 465, 471

Peiris, Malik, 184–87, 190, 191, 194, 207

penicillin, 482

Pennsylvania State University, 306

Pepin, Jacques, 478, 479–82, 484, 485, 486

Peterson, Dale, 434

Petri, Julius, 265

Philippines, 276

    
A. leucosphyrus
in, 163

    Reston virus in, 78, 86–87

Phillip, Arthur, 37, 38

Phoenix sylvestris
(sugar date palm), 329

phylogeny, of SIV and HIV, 426–27

picornaviruses, 35

pigs:

    flu viruses in, 21, 39, 313, 374, 507

    FMD in, 35–36

    Malaysian culling of, 320

    Nipah in, 314, 316–17, 319–20, 322, 367

Pitchenik, Arthur E., 487–88

Pitu (bat catcher), 334, 339, 341

plague, 102, 237, 243, 290

    lethality rate of, 63

    as zoonosis, 21, 42, 517

Plagues and Peoples
(McNeill), 296

plasmapheresis, 485–86

Plasmodium,
135–36, 137

    genetic diversity of, 137

    life history of, 135–36

    
P. falciparum,
135, 136–41, 146, 148, 154, 164, 418

    
P. gallinaceum,
138

    
P. knowlesi,
149–53, 156–64, 381, 480, 514, 518

Plasmodium
(
continued
)

    
P. malariae,
135, 148, 154, 158, 159

    
P. ovale,
135, 148

    
P. reichenowi,
138–39

    
P. vivax,
135, 148–49, 150–51, 154, 162, 164

    spillover of, 137, 138–39

    
see also
malaria

“
Plasmodium knowlesi
Malaria in Humans Is Widely Distributed and Potentially Life Threatening” (Cox-Singh et al.), 160–61

Platt, Geoffrey S., 97–99

Plowright, Raina, 366–70

“
Pneumocystis
Pneumonia—Los Angeles” (Gottlieb), 386

pneumonia, 67, 381

    atypical, 171–72, 173, 176, 224

    bacterial, 330

    
Pneumocystis jirovecii,
385–86, 387, 389, 408, 487

poliomyelitis, 35, 67, 272, 276, 290, 292

    eradication of, 21, 22, 518

    vaccine for, 274, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, 107–8, 115–16, 154, 158–59, 183–84, 193–94, 227, 409, 425

Poon, Leo, 186–87, 191, 192–94

population cycles,
see
outbreaks

population density, 144, 236, 325, 330, 478, 499, 515

    outbreaks and, 499

population growth, human:

    emerging pathogens and, 41

    as outbreak, 496–97

Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 485, 486

Porton Down (Microbiological Research Establishment), 97–98

post-Lyme disease syndrome, 239

poultry, 138, 313, 327

    H5N1 in, 182, 507, 509–10

poxviruses, 270

Presnyakova, Antonina, 100

Preston, Margaret, 28–29, 45

Preston, Mark, 28–29, 45, 49

Preston, Richard, 77–78, 92–94, 95

Prevention of Malaria, The
(Ross), 133

prions, 23–24

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
487

Proceedings of the Royal Society,
369

prostitutes, 397, 478, 481, 483

    
see also
free women

protein receptors, 443

protists, 23, 24, 40, 128, 135

psittacosis (parrot fever), 212, 213–19, 236–37

Pteropus,
see
flying foxes

Puffinus pacificus
(wedge-tailed shearwater), 505

Python Cave, 357–58, 359, 361, 364

Q fever, 211–12, 213, 219–34, 243, 264

Qinghai Lake, 510

quantum mechanics, 118

Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, 360, 361

Queensland, racing industry in, 30, 32–33

Queensland Department of Primary Industries (DPI), 17–18, 26, 27, 30, 49

    Animal Research Institute of, 26

Queensland Health Department, 18, 34, 219

R
0
(basic reproduction rate), 146–48, 172, 305, 349, 374, 518

    of AIDS, 390, 429, 431, 445, 462

    of SARS, 206

rabbits, myxoma virus in, 298–302, 305–6

rabies, 21, 24, 236, 263, 264, 268–69, 270, 286, 307, 489, 517

    lethality of, 296

    transmissibility of, 291, 294, 296–97

raccoon dog, 189, 191–92

Radhakrishnan, Anand, 154, 156

Rahman, Mahmudur, 328

Rail, Vic, 14–15, 17, 18, 19, 29, 43, 45

    horse stable of, 15–16, 18, 26, 27, 29, 31–32, 38, 45, 53, 211

Rajang River, 154, 157

Rajbari District, Bangladesh, 326–27, 376

Raphael, Jane, 473–74

Rask, Grethe, 389, 407

rat farms, 203–5

Rats, Lice and History
(Zinsser), 267, 295

Real, Leslie, 119, 121, 304

reassortment, in viruses, 506–8, 512

recombination, 506, 512

    in HIV-1, 482

    in SIV, 465–66

red-capped mangabeys, 464, 465

Reed, Patricia “Trish,” 67–68, 76

Reed, Walter, 266

Reid, Peter, 15–17, 19–20, 27–28, 29, 33, 45