Supreme Commander (34 page)

56  
“would not want”
: Emmerson, 252.

56  
“We shall have”
: Bishop, 518.

56  
“to report at once”
: Mashbir, 280.

56  
“Those authorized”
: Ibid., 281.

56  
“The best we can”
: May 28, 1945,
FRUS
, vol. 6, 545.

6
: HARRY TRUMAN THROWS A FIT

58  
“Wait a minute”
: Arthur Krock,
New York Times
, September 23, 1945, E3.

59  
“the occupation forces”
: Ibid; Acheson, 126.

59  
“a political statement”
: James, 18.

59  
“to do something”
: Ibid.

59  
“I'm glad the general”
: Presidential news conference, September 18, 1945, in U.S. National Archives,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States . . . Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President
(20 vols.);
Truman
1945, 326.

59  
United States Initial Post-Defeat Policy for Japan
: All seven versions are available at http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/022shoshi.html.

60  
“The authority of the Emperor”
: Seventh and final version, page 2, item 2, line 1.

61  
“It seems funny”
: Eichelberger Diary, October 20, 1945, Eichelberger Papers; Marshall to MacArthur, October 12, 1945, Record Group (RG) 5, MacArthur Archives.

61  
“to receive . . . the extraordinarily dangerous”
: Truman,
Memoirs
, vol. 1, 520–21.

62  
“Your authority is supreme”
: “You will exercise your authority as you deem proper to carry out your mission. Our relations with Japan do not rest on a contractual basis but on unconditional surrender. Since your authority is supreme, you will not entertain questions on the part of the Japanese as to its scope.” U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur, September 6, 1945; State Department Publication 2671,
Occupation of Japan: Policy and Progress
, Appendix 16; also in
PRJ
, 427.

62  
“General MacArthur told Sutherland”
: Harvey, 313.

62  
“greatest possible aid”
: James, 27.

63  “
The most satisfactory”
: Ibid.

64  
“consult and advise”
: Sheldon, 61.

64  
“I welcome you”
: April 5, 1946, address to the Allied Council for Japan.

64  “
Now there's a man!”
: Whitney, 306.

65  
“quit and go home”
: Kelley and Ryan, 156.

65  
“Baron Shidehara . . . Too clear”
: Hunt, 422; Leary, 253–54.

65  
Bismarck and Polybius
: The two quotes are from Willoughby,
Maneuver in War
, 2.

65  
“the world's greatest laboratory . . . Military occupation was not new”
: MacArthur, 282.

7
: THE PHOTOGRAPH THAT SAVED A THOUSAND SHIPS

68  
“As Emperor and acknowledged”
: Gallichio, 79; Kelley and Ryan, 145.

68  
“would be comparable”
: Gallichio, 79.

68  
“I am honored”
: Toland, 875.

69  
“frightened to death”
: Harvey, 15.

70  
“To avoid the frontal attack”
: Ibid., 244.

71  
“To do so”
: MacArthur, 287.

71  
“lover of peace”
: Bix, 542. Fellers had met one of the two Japanese Quakers when he was a college student in Indiana, and the other on a trip to Japan in 1920.

72  
“freely expressed will”
: Potsdam Declaration.

72  
Japanese Army chief of staff advice
: Haruo Iguchi, “The First Revisionists: Bonner Fellers, Herbert Hoover, and Japan's Decision to Surrender,” in Gallichio, 72.

72  
Theodore Roosevelt “You must listen”
: Harvey, 107.

72  
“I come to you
”: MacArthur, 288.

73  
“A tremendous impression”
: Ibid.

73  
“To see someone”
: Faubion Bowers Papers (Columbia University Oral History Project), 20; Bowers, 166; Okamoto, 36.

73  “
The peace party
”: Bergamini, 148. The most complete report of Hirohito's conversation with MacArthur is given in the Far Eastern Commission, Australian Delegation, Interim Report, February 11, 1946.

74  
“without peer”
: Kelley and Ryan, 149.

8
: WHAT TO DO WITH THE EMPEROR AND THE MILITARISTS?

75  
“erased the words”
: Schoor, 39–40.

76  
“There must be”
: Harvey, 314–15.

77  
“Did I think”
: Thorpe, 208.

77  
“I told Matsudaira . . . How could that be done?”
: Ibid.

78  
“Otherwise we would”
: Harvey, 400.

78  
“I could have humiliated him . . . I was born”
: Bowers, 166.

78  
“I don't trust”
: Ibid., 95.

78  
“The Emperor called”
: Harvey, 18.

79  
“Hirohito was so controlled”
: Kelley and Ryan, 153.

79  
Emperor needing permission to travel
: Terasaki, 222.

79  
“American woman of cultural background”
: Sheldon, 141.

79  
“the real reason”
: Schaller, 129.

80  
“the State Department report”
:
Time
, Sept. 17, 1945, 20–21.

82  13
percent of Americans
: Cohen, 27; Perry, 28; Schaller,
Douglas MacArthur
, 108; 33
percent
of Americans:
Schaller, ibid.

82  
“savage apes” . . . “bestial”
: Harries, 11.

82  
“If you in the United States will forget”
: Brines, 124–25; Sheldon, 309.

82  
“The surrender terms”
: Miller,
Soldier-Statesman
, 295.

82  
Tojo's dentures
: After three months word got out in the military about what the two dentists had done; to avoid an official reprimand, they retrieved the dentures and polished off the message.

9
:
ORGANIZING FOR SUCCESS

85  
“General MacNimitz”
: Hellegers, 405, 719.

85  
“Underground chaos”
: Jansen, 669.

86  
By
19590
the United States was ready
: The Allied occupation officially ended with the signing of the peace treaty of September 8, 1951, but the treaty did not come into force until April 28, 1952.

87  
“the happy soldiers”
: Rinjiro, 50.

87  
“Wherever Americans went”
: Vining, 116.

87  
“That was when we knew”
: Manchester, 474.

88  
“I fully agree”
: Kelley and Ryan, 150.

88  
“We Japanese were poorly led”
: Kato, 263.

88  
“The Japanese, accepting defeat”
: Nishi, x.

88  
“We are trying”
: Shacklock, 38.

89  
“From the moment”
: MacArthur, 282.

89  
Potsdam Declaration
: http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c06.html.

89  
SWNCC
1590
/
4: http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/shiryo/01/022/022tx.html.

89  
JCS
13890
/
15: http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/036/036tx.html.

89  
“one of the great”
: Douglas MacArthur, “Comment on Far Eastern Commission Policy Decision,” 13 July 1947,
PRJ
, 774.

89  “
Unless you deem it necessary”
: JCS 1380/15, 3 November 1945, PRJ, 428–39; http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/036/036tx.html.

91  
SCAP chain of command
: Williams, 18.

93  
“It is difficult”
: “SCAP's Denial of Friction with FEC,” 14 June 1946,
PRJ
, 751.

93  
FEC opposition to food relief for the Japanese
: Haley, 39.

94  
“a debating society”
: MacArthur, 293.

94  
“a policy-making body”
: MacArthur to McCoy, 13 April 1946, “Far Eastern Commission,” MacArthur Archives, RG 9, 3.

94  
“We do not come”
: Nishi, 27.

94  
“extremely intelligent people”
: Stimson to President Truman, “Proposed Program of Japan,” Truman Library, Naval Aide File, Box 4, 7.

94  
number of SCAP civilian and military employees
: Williams, 277.

95  
“a boatload of New Dealers”
: Harvey, 338.

96  
“After about the third . . . We won't do”
: Gunther, 123.

96  278
,
594
pages to be translated
: Mashbir, 225.

96  
“It is by avoiding”
: Puryear, 263.

97  
“I've been looking”
: Woodard, 22.

97  
“With rare exceptions”
: Ibid., 25.

97  
“Such sophistry”
: Williams, 265.

98  
“a sharp businessman”
: Toland,
Occupation
, 60; Hellegers, 489.

98  
“A stuffed pig”
: Harvey, 307.

98  
“I want your reaction”
: Gordon, 21.

98  
“Everyone felt”
: Hellegers, 760.

99  
“made her weak at the knees”
: S. J. Morris, 431.

100  
“as easy”
: Vining, 115.

100  
“goggle-eyed”
: Eichelberger,
Dear Miss Em
, 300.

100  
“within a few days”
: Ibid., xxi.

101  
“I just wanted you”
: Hunt, 427.

10
: OCCUPIER AS HUMANITARIAN

102  
“one of the two”
: Tugwell, 348, quoted in Buhite, 21, and Larrabee, 305: MacArthur was the second; the number one most dangerous man was the populist governor of Louisiana and later U.S. senator, Huey Long. For a full understanding of this often misunderstood comment, see Freidel, 128. This remark was made by FDR shortly after he became president and there was concern that Americans, losing all hope during the Depression, might turn to a “man on horseback.” The president sent Gen. Hugh Johnson, a mutual friend, to check out MacArthur's loyalty. Satisfied that MacArthur had no intention of quitting the army and running for political office, he took the unprecedented step of extending MacArthur's term as army chief of staff. Later he rewarded MacArthur by sending him to the Philippines, a post MacArthur coveted. During World War II the two men developed a solid working relationship.

102  “
Bury the dead horses”
: Hellegers, 416.

103  
“Political parties, elections”
: John K. Emmerson, “Political Factors in the Present Japanese Situation,” 8 February 1946, U.S. National Archives 740.0019 Control (Japan)/2-2546, 1.

103  
statistics on number of troops and citizens to be repatriated
: “Summary of Achievements During the First Year of Occupation,”
PRJ
, 754.

103  
number of Japanese ships
: “Chapter VI: Overseas Repatriation Movements,” 148, 150, http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch6.htm.

104  
“Japan's Fanatics”
:
New York Times
, August 25, 1945, E3.

105  
“eggs”
: Brines, 95.

106  
“You cannot teach democracy”
: Kawai, 181.

106  
“Thirty million people”
: Van Aduard, 59.

106  
“ill-treatment including starvation”
: Frank, 352.

106  
“comparable to”
: Ibid.

107  
“Life Expectancy under the Occupation” statistics
: Sams, 183. It should be pointed out that such statistics can be very difficult to compile and will vary, especially during postwar years when wartime injuries and disease may cause premature death. Willoughby, on page 63 in his book, cites 42.8 years life expectancy for men and 60.2 in 1951 (a 41 percent increase), and 51.1 and 64.8 years for women (a 27 percent increase). The Japanese Ministry of Public Welfare gives 46.9 and 49.6 years for men and women in 1936, compared to 58 and 61.5 years in 1950—a 24 percent increase for both men and women (Sato, 22). Because Crawford Sams was extremely thorough and professional, and had no ax to grind, we use his statistics. Whatever statistics one uses, they all tell the same story: an amazing achievement in improving life longevity.

107  
Greater number of deaths from tuberculosis than from war
: Ibid., 109.

107  
Disease reduction statistics,
1946
–
1948: Van Aduard, 287.

107  
Crawford Sams saving
3
million lives
: Takemae, 413.