Supreme Commander (35 page)

108  
Food imports saving
11
million lives
: SCAP,
History of the Non-Military Activities of the Occupation of Japan,
1945
–
1951 (typescript on microfilm), Introduction, 23. The three leading academic scholars of the occupation—John Dower, Clayton James, and Eiji Takemae—concur with this figure.

108  
“As they increasingly”
: Harvey, 343.

108  
“Never have I seen”
: Perry, 118.

109  
“take measures”
: Daniel Berrigan and W. I. Ladejinsky, “Japan's Communists Lose a Battle,”
Saturday Evening Post
, January 8, 1949, 101.

109  
“balanced on the tip”
: Harold Strauss, “MacArthur in the Paddy Fields,”
The Nation
, November 9, 1946, 521.

109  
“I may be dumb”
: T. Cohen, 184.

110  
“could have done in China”
: Schaller, 130.

110  
“Dad would have liked”
:
PRJ
, 760; Yoshida, 201–3.

110  
Monuments Men
: www.monumentsmenfoundation.org. The Monuments Men sent to Japan were Lt. Col. Harold Henderson, Sherman Lee, Maj. Laurence Sickman, Lt. Cdr. George Stout, Lennox Tierney, and Langdon Warner. Henderson, as discussed in the next chapter, also played a key role in helping arrange for the emperor to renounce his divinity.

111  
“Curiously the idea”
: Graves, 370.

112  
“Few countries”
: Havens, 66.

112  
“should take no action”
: Edwin Pauley, United States Representative Mission to Japan, November 1945 to April 1946,
Report on Japanese Reparations to the President of the United States
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), 6–7.

114  
“Political activity”
:
Summation, September–December
1945, 26.

11
: THE EMPEROR IS NOT A KAMI

115  
“Ultra-nationalistic”
:
U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan
, September 6, 1945, part 3, paragraph 3.

115  
“including the unrestricted”
:
PRJ
, vol. 2, Appendix B, 463.

115  
“Shintoism, insofar as”
: October 11, 1945, telegram from U.S. Secretary of State James Byrnes to George Atcheson, in Woodard, 55, 56–57, plate 2, http://news.google.com/newspapers
?nid=888&dat=19451007&id=EL4wAAAAIBAJ&sd=pU4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6846,2844223.

116  
“All propagation . . . the purpose . . . the doctrine”
: SCAPIN 448: SCAP Shinto Directive, 15 December 1945,
PRJ
, vol. 2, Appendix B, 3a, 467, paragraphs 1c, 2a, 2f(1).

117  
“The Emperor is a deity”
: Gauntlett and Hall, 71, in Creemers, 123.

118  
“the ‘secret history' ”
: This was the title given by Henderson to his private memorandum requested by General Dyke for the SCAP files in late 1946, “The ‘Secret History' of the Japanese Emperor's Renunciation of ‘Divinity' 1946”; full text in Creemers, 223–25.

118  
“Which hand”
: Harries, 81.

119  
“flabbergasted”
: Woodard, 261.

119  
“the opportunity being ripe . . . One or two persons”
: Kakunoshin Yamanashi, June 22, 1965, “Memorandum on the Imperial Rescript of January 1, 1946,” Woodard, 255 (full text 320–21). Yamanashi was apparently unwilling to say anything more about “the secret history” than this, plus a tacit admission on his part that he knew about the paper and was relieved it had been burned per his instructions (Woodard, 261n).

120  
“I am not a
kami
”
: Ibid., 255.

120  
“Wasn't that absurd” . . . “never be”
: Ibid., 253–54.

120  
“The ties between Us”
: Fifth paragraph; the only change made by the emperor was in the second line, where the word “upon” replaced Henderson's “only on.”

121  
“That afternoon”
:
New York Times
, January 3, 1946, 2.

122  
“in the same way”
: Hall, 75.

122  
“a Jerusalem, Mount Vernon and Vatican”
: Ibid.

123  
“Japan is a spiritual vacuum”
: Woodard, 243.

123  
“We believe in”
: Stoddard Commission,
Report of the United States Education Mission to Japan, Submitted to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo
, March 30, 1946, 4–5.

124  
“Pure democracy”
: U.S. Department of State
Bulletin
, June 27, 1946, 1067.

12
: DRAWING UP A UTOPIA

125  
“The Japanese Constitution”
: Schoichi, 9.

126  
“Isn't Shidehara dead?”
: Finn, 39.

126  
“a system . . . secret inquisition”
: Brines, 48.

126  
“In the achievement”
: Statement to the Japanese Government,
PRJ
741, Kades, 219.

128  
“unrestricted authority”
: Feb. 1, 1946, Whitney to MacArthur memo, “Constitutional Reform,” paragraph #6, http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/03/069/069tx.html.

128  
“Ladies and gentlemen”
: Gordon, 104.

128  
“There are few students”
: Gunther, 128.

128  
“On that date”
: Gordon, 105.

129  
Top-secret room for preparing constitution draft
: Sirota, 21, 107; Ward, 992.

130  
“Beate, you're a woman”
: Ibid., 106; see “Obituary: Beate Gordon,”
The Economist
, January 12, 2013, 86.

131  
“My God, you have given”
: Stanley Weintraub, “American Proconsul: How Douglas MacArthur Shaped Postwar Japan,”
Military History
, January 2012, vol. 28, no. 5, 44–51.

131  
“as a Thomas Jefferson”
: Wildes, 44.

132  
“totally unacceptable”
: Moore and Robinson, 106; Kades, 229.

132  
“as if he had”
: Whitney, 251.

132  
“black cloud”
: Ibid.

132  
“You think you can make . . . we can try”
: Vinacke, 65.

132  
“Not at all”
: Whitney, 248.

132  
“The Supreme Commander . . . But, gentlemen”
: Kades, 228.

133  
“Court, don't you know”
: Whitney, 251–52; a slightly different, more explicit version of MacArthur's statement is from Hellegers, 778: “Have you ever known me to repudiate anything that any of my officers has ever done? I might ultimately decide if an officer did it too many times that I would replace him, but I wouldn't repudiate what he had done.”

133  
“straight and direct”
: Kades, 231; Williams, 114; Hellegers, 530.

133  
“too drastic a move”
: Kades, 231.

133  
Some of the roses”
: Rodney Hussey, “The New Constitution of Japan,”
PRJ
, vol. 1, 106.

13
: MACARTHUR BREAKS THE IMPASSE

135  
“Turning Japanese”
: Harries, 117.

136  
“The way to end war”
: Harvey, 185.

136  
“the good of Japan . . . his best . . . I don't know”
: Moore and Robinson, 112–13.

136  
“The enormous sacrifices”
: Pratt, 15–16.

137  
“like swallowing”
: Hellegers, 534.

137  
“Whitney group . . . scholarship and experience”
: Moore and Robinson, 114.

137  
“The revision”
: MacArthur, 299.

138  
“comes up from the people”
: Hellegers, 535.

140  
“spoken Japanese”
: Williams, 117.

140  
“archaic, stilted”
: Inoue, 31.

140  
“a layman's document”
: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15459.

140  
The complexity of
: Lauterbach, 82; R. Smith, 216–217.

141  
“is the compass”
: Schoichi, 218.

141  
“express their fully”
: U.S. Department of State,
Activities of the Far Eastern Commission, Reported by the Secretary General
, 1947, 58–59.

142  
“began to suffer”
: Schoichi, 147.

142  
“prejudice many Japanese . . . reserved exclusively”
: 13 April 1946 memo, MacArthur Archives, RG 9, 1–6.

142  
“limited to . . . in the absence of . . . I have acted meticulously”
: Nishi, 136.

143  
“The Commission”
: Memorandum for the State Department Members of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Hilldring) to the Committee, 12 April 1946,
FRUS
(1946), vol. 8, 195–96.

143  
“As Supreme Commander”
: MacArthur to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 4 May 1946,
FRUS
(1946), vol. 8, 220.

143  
“This draft provides”
: Schoichi, 152.

144  
“No useful purpose”
: Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Vincent) to Secretary of State, 19 April 1946,
FRUS
(1946), vol. 8, 211.

144  
“Adequate time”
: Schoichi, 152.

144  
“Have you read”
: Lauterbach, 67.

145  
“Probably the single most”:
MacArthur, 302.

145  “
To mark this historic
”: Letter from Douglas MacArthur to Prime Minister, May 2, 1947, http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/result.html?q=douglas%20macarthur.

14
: HIS MOST RADICAL REFORM

146  
“the emancipation”
: “Statement to the Japanese Government Concerning Required Reforms,” October 11, 1945,
PRJ
, 741.

146  
“laws, decrees and regulations”
: http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/
shiryo/01/022/022tx.html, part 3, item 3, paragraph 4.

146  
“Policies shall be favored”
: http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/shiryo/01/022/022tx.html, part 4, item 2, paragraph 1.

147  
“would retard”
: Beauchamp, 425.

147  
“These laws”
: Ibid., 433.

147  
“wished her”
: Tracy, 45.

147  
“Their supreme duty”
: Sato, 80.

148  
“programs for the dissemination”
: Pharr, “Ethel Weed,” 722.

148  
“Women of Japan”
: “Women of Japan Lauded by General MacArthur,” quoted in Koikari, 51, and Beard, 177–78.

149  
“meet men”
: Hopper, 185.

149  
“We are all hungry”
:
PRJ
, 752.

149  
“one of the world's”
: Pharr, “The Politics of Women's Rights,” 222.

150  
“presence in the corridors”
: Steinem, quoted in Gordon, back cover.

150  
“a battle of the sexes”
: SCAP, Government Section, “Memo 1,” August 17, 1946, Papers of Alfred R. Hussey, Asia Library, University of Michigan.

151  
“no military value”
: Treadwell, 12.

151  
“Of all the reforms”
: MacArthur, 305.

152  
“Women's organizations”
: Swearingen and Langer, 175.

153  
“If girl students” and story of tea
: Van Staaveren, 78–79.

15
: “HE HAS A LETTER FROM GOD”

154  
“whose knowledge is derived”
: Livy, “A Roman General's Opinion of Military Critics,”
A History of Rome
, book 44, chap. 22.

155  
“MacArthur should move”
: Lee and Henschel, 195 (photo caption).

155  
“I never before met . . . seemed to be”
: Karnow, 262.

155  
“Five minutes”
: Halsey and Bryan, 154–55; Puryear, 116.

155  
“If he hadn't proposed”
: Karnow, 262.

155  
“He has a letter”
: Choate, 18.

156  
“General, you don't have”
: Acheson, 424.

156  d
esk chair for General MacArthur
: Goodman, 42.

157  
“George Washington and Abraham Lincoln”
: Vincent Sheean, “MacArthur in Tokyo,”
Holiday
, December 1949.

157  
“cool as a cucumber”
: Harries, 211.

157  
“Youth is not”
: Kelley and Ryan, 13. This quotation was based on a poem by one Samuel Ullman, of Birmingham, Alabama.

159  
“Oh, General MacArthur left”
: Willoughby, 267.

159  
“Well, what do you say”
: Whitney, 236.

159  
“What better fate”
: Gunther, 50.

160  
“Sir, the fire chief”
: Chase, 149.

160  
“MacArthur has decided”
: Karnow, 260.