Supreme Commander (36 page)

161  
“Don't want a fuss”
: Bowers, 95.

161  
Compilation of MacArthur's appointments
: James, vol. 3, 693–94.

161  
“It indicated to them”
: Vining, 86.

162  
“most qualified”
: Gallup, 550, 582, 584.

163  
“When you leave the Pacific”
: Halsey and Bryan, 290.

163  
“Now, now, we don't”
: Sheldon, 46.

164  
“I realize that”
: Ibid., 83.

164  
“hard-headed softie”
: Kenney, 64.

164  
“They'd think”
: Sheldon, 210.

164  
“a target slower”
: Bowers, 91.

164  
“I count on the Japanese people”
: “Assassination Day,”
Newsweek
, May 15, 1946.

16
: RUSSIAN TROUBLE

165  
“With the end of World War II
”: Ritchie, 87.

166  
“If the Soviets attempt”
: Choate, 25–26.

166  
“My God, I believe you would”
: MacArthur, 285.

166  
“I have received your note”
: Gunther, 22.

166  
“like a piece”
:
FRUS
, vol. 1, 79; T. Cohen, 59.

166  
“He has endeavored”
: Atcheson to Byrnes, 10 September 1946, MacArthur Archives, RG 9, Box 146.

167  
“Why, General Derevyanko!”
: Whitney, 306.

167  
“tell them whatever . . . Well, I had to ask”
: Thorpe, 214.

168  
“Japan is in heaven now”
: Vining, 265.

168  
twenty-five-mile restriction
: T. Cohen, 114.

169  
“does not favor ”
:
New York Times
, May 16, 1946, 1, 15.

169  70
percent of farmers paying for land in cash
: Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, October 1949, in Fearey, 88.

169  
“Japanese national farm debt melted”
: Costello, 190.

170  412
percent inflation
: The 1946 price index went from 1,057 to 4,352,
Statistical Yearbook of
Japan
(Tokyo, 1949), 639.

170  
“the use of”
:
PRJ
, 762.

170  
“a strike”
: Blaine Hoover, “Address to Civil Service Assembly of the United States and Canada,” Ottawa, 6 October 1948, 5, quoted in Williams, 67.

171  
“a controlled revolution”
: Schaller,
Altered States
, 7.

171  
“the Japanese cannot”
: Johnson, 100.

172  
“a national calamity”
: T. Cohen, 286.

172  
“ruin the Occupation”
: Eichelberger letter to MacArthur, 25 January 1947, Eichelberger Papers, Duke University: Diaries, 22-D, Box 181.

172  
“the impact”
: T. Cohen, 295.

172  
“I have informed”
: T. Cohen, 294–95.

172  
“undisciplined elements”
: Nishi, 66.

172  
“We regret very much”
: T. Cohen, 297.

173  
“In one stroke”
: Blaine Hoover, “Address to Civil Service Assembly of the United States and Canada,” Ottawa, Canada, 6 October 1948, 5–6.

173  
“seemed, on cursory examination”
: Redford, 62.

173  
“I know of nothing”
: National Public Service Law Revision Bill, August 18, 1948, MacArthur Archives, RG 9.

174  
“to prescribe with wisdom”
: Ibid.

174  
“What happened to our sons?”
: Eichelberger, 286.

175  
“would have endangered”
: Swearingen and Langer, 232.

175  
“the American imperialists”
: Deverall, 35.

175  
“The Japanese and American bloodhounds”
: Swearingen and Langer, 251.

175  
“who are in difficult”
: Ibid., 374.

176  
Yoshida on MacArthur's greatest contribution
: Finn, 70.

176  
“There being no”
: Williams, 272.

17
: “WHERE'S ISHII?”

178  
“Where's Ishii?”
: Barenblatt, 209.

178  
“fantastic experiments”
:
New York Times
, September 3, 1945, 1.

180  
only
18
percent Japanese war fatalities from disease
: Seaman, 5.

181  
gas masks for White House personnel
: Wilson and Day, 150. This measure was kept secret from the American public lest it cause widespread alarm and panic.

181  
“unmistakably clear”
:
New York Times
, June 6, 1942, 1–2.

182  
“These and other facts”
: “Musn't Touch!,”
Newsweek
, June 4, 1945, 34–35.

182  
Camp Detrick, Maryland
: Renamed Fort Detrick in 1956.

183  
“Germ warfare against”
: Warner and Warner, 283; Felton, 283.

183  
“a higher form”
: Harris and Paxman, 10–11.

183  
Disease—not bullets—major cause of death in war
: The seminal, pioneering work on this subject is
Rats, Lice and History
(1935) by Hans Zinsser, a member of the U.S. Army Medical Corps who served in France during World War I and was awarded, along with MacArthur, the Distinguished Cross and the French Légion d'Honneur.

184  
“Great results”
: Harris, 167; Barenblatt, 188.

184  
“spraying bacterial solutions”
: Barenblatt, ibid.

184  
Loucks and Japanese poison gas
: Hersh, 10.

184  
Marshall and bacteriological warfare
: Lilienthal, 199.

186  
Ishii funeral ceremony
: Report by Neal R. Smith, RG 331, Box 1434, 20, Case #330, National Archives.

187  
“We're not given”:
Williams and Wallace, 133.

187  
Nighttime visitor with blueprint and “We need more evidence”
: Ibid., 134.

188  
“I have given”
: Ibid., 196; Harris, 198.

188  
“My experience”
: Barenblatt, 210.

189  
“will endanger”
: Williams and Wallace, 207.

189  
“Under present circumstances”
: ibid., 185.

189  
“Since it is believed”
: August 1, 1947, memo from the SWNCC (State, War, Navy Coordinating Committee), McDermott, 136; Williams and Wallace, 207.

189  
“the only known”
: McDermott, 136.

189  
“guarded, concise”
: Arvo T. Thompson, “Report on Japanese Biological Warfare Activities, May 31, 1946, Army Service Forces,” Camp Detrick, Frederick, MD, Fort Detrick Library Archives.

190  
“The utmost secrecy”
: SWNCC 351/1, March 5, 1947, Record Group 331, Box 1434.20, Case 330, National Archives.

190  
“Additional data”
: Gold, 109.

18
: “CHERRY BLOSSOMS AT NIGHT”

192  
“Information obtained”
: Barenblatt, 223.

192  
“special protection”
: Triplett, 68.

193  
death of Hirasawa
:
New York Times
obituary, May 11, 1987.

193  
“The United States has primary interest”
: John W. Powell, “A Hidden Chapter in History,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
46 (October 1981), 46, exhibit.

194  
“Cherry Blossoms at Night”
: Nicholas Kristof, “Unmasking Horror—A Special Report,”
New York Times
, March 17, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/17/world/unmasking-horror-a-special-report-japan-confronting-gruesome-war-atrocity.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.

194  
“would violate every Christian ethic”
: Leahy, 440.

194  
“Why has Truman”
: Bilainkin, 233.

195  
“the Japanese had done”
:
New York Times
, December 27, 1949, 16.

195  
“If a prisoner”
:
Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
(Foreign Language Publishing House [Moscow], 1950), 115.

196  
“In the summer of
1945
”:
Ibid., 290.

196  
“Experts have calculated”
: Powell, “A Hidden Chapter,” 49–50.

197  
“Evidence gathered”
: McDermott, 137; Williams and Wallace, 215.

197  
“It is hoped”
: Barenblatt, 224; Harris, 215.

197  
U.S. scientists unimpressed by Ishii's information
: Regis, 225.

19
: THE NUREMBERG OF THE EAST

198  
“Asia under the Japanese”
: Daws, 363.

198  
seventeen million people killed
: Newman, 138. The specific breakdown of 17.2 million deaths attributable to the Japanese Empire, 1931–45, is as follows: China, ten million; Java (Dutch Indies), three million; Bengal famine, 1.5 million; Vietnam, one million; Outer Islands, one million; India, 180,000; Philippines, 120,000; Malaya, 100,000; United States, 100,000; Burma-Siam Railway, 83,000; Korea, 70,000; Indonesia, 30,000; Australia, 30,000; New Zealand, 10,000.

198  
POW death rate
: In his book on Japanese prison camps, Gavin Daws concludes: “If the war had lasted another year, there would not have been a POW left alive” (Daws, 18).

199  
Homma's wife and MacArthur
: Taylor, 218.

200  
“men landed on Mars”
: Ginn, 46.

200  
“be held responsible . . . in contravention”
: Taylor, 53.

201  
“flealike agility”
: Kennan, 370.

201  85,000
troops under Percival
: Yamashita thought Percival had 100,000 men. Yet this did not deter him from pulling off probably the greatest military bluff of all time. Back in England, Percival was ostracized, even though he had no air support, very little ammunition, and only one day's supply of water left. By surrendering when he did, he avoided what would have been massive senseless slaughter of civilians. MacArthur, unlike Winston Churchill and British commander Sir Archibald Wavell, understood this and gave Percival a seat of honor at the surrender ceremonies, along with Wainwright. MacArthur could be very generous to men who may have failed through no fault of their own.

202  “
Yamashita's Ghost
”: Title of book by Allan Ryan.

202  
“Yamashita trial continued today”
: Reel, 93.

203  
“legalized lynching”
: Finn, 81; Manchester, 487.

203  
“the results are beyond challenge”
: Reel, 235; Lyon, 397; Weiner, 204.

203  
“a fair verdict . . . too well”: New York Times
, December 8, 1945, 8.

204  
“one of the great”
: McCullough, 146.

204  
“There are two”
: Barnet, 218.

205  
“Individuals may be punished . . . The personal”
: U.S. Department of State,
Trial of Japanese War Criminals
, publication 2613 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 20, 21.

205  
“perfectly revolutionary . . . it is”
: Takayanagi, 59–60, 63; Minear, 45.

206  
“The most interesting questions . . . The Premier”
:
New York Times
, September 20, 1945, 22.

206  
“All the accused . . . all the accused together”
:
Trial of Japanese War Criminals
, 47.

208  
“with prolix equivocations”
: Röling and Rüter, 24.

208  
“the trial of the century”
: Brackman, 18.

208  
“no more important”
:
Official Transcript of the Proceedings
, 21, in Röling and Rüter, ix.

209  
30,000 American prisoners
: A document called
Outline for the Disposal of Prisoners of War
, introduced at the trial, stated that in the event of an Allied invasion of Japan the prisoners should “be set free.” In Japanese this did not mean being set loose, it meant “set free from earthly concerns” (Brackman, 265).

209  
“None of us”
: Minear, 114.

209  
“love and desire”
: Buruma, 175; see also Minear, 114–15.

210  
“The process of translating”
: Harvey, 368.

210  
“I shall be back”
: Shigemitsu, 274.

210  Senso sekinin sha: Takayanagi, 77.

211  
“It must be freely”
: Veale, 184–85.

211  
“a scintilla”
: Röling and Rüter, 401.

211  77
percent conviction rate
: Piccagallo, 264.

212  
“There is nothing”
: Buell, 370–71.

212  
No Hollywood movie
: Probably the most the Americans would get to see of Japanese wartime brutality was a 1957 movie about British prisoners of war forced to build a railway in Burma,
The Bridge on the River Kwai.