Taking Liberties: The War on Terror and the Erosion of American Democracy (47 page)

39
.  
See, e.g.,
GEOFFREY R. STONE, WAR AND LIBERTY
142 (New York: W.W. Norton 2007);
WAYNE R. LAFAVE, SEARCH AND SEIZURE
2.7(b)–(c) at 736, 737 (4th ed. 2004) (influential treatise characterizing the third-party doctrine as “dead wrong”); Sherry Colb,
What Is a Search? Two Conceptual Flaws in Fourth Amendment Doctrine and Some Hints of a Remedy,
55
STAN. L. REV.
119 (2002); Kathleen Sullivan,
Under a Watchful Eye: Incursions on Personal Privacy, in
THE WAR ON OUR FREEDOMS
128–46 (Richard C. Leone & Greg Anrig, Jr. eds., New York: Public Affairs 2003).

40
.  
See, e.g.,
Patricia Bellia,
Surveillance Law Through Cyberlaw’s Lens,
72
GEO. WASH. L. REV.
1375, 1397–1403 (2004); Deirdre Mulligan,
Reasonable Expectations in Electronic Communications: A Critical Perspective on the Electronic Communications Privacy Act,
72
GEO. WASH. L. REV.
1557, 1577–82 (2004).

41
.  Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001) (the Fourth Amendment prohibited federal agents from using a thermal imaging device to detect a marijuana-growing enterprise in the defendant’s home).

42
.  Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969) (the First Amendment protected the defendant against prosecution for private possession of obscene films in his home).

43
.  
See
Jay Stanley,
The Crisis in Fourth Amendment Jurisprudence,
4
ADVANCE
[Journal of the ACS Issues Groups] 91, 96–97 (2010).

44
.  In my article,
The USA Patriot Act and the Submajoritarian Fourth Amendment,
41
HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV.
67 (2006), I argue that the Court has inappropriately underinterpreted the Fourth Amendment. I agree with Thurgood Marshall, who dissented in both
Miller
and
Smith,
that the courts have an important role to play in checking dragnet searches, even for information in the hands of third parties, and that it is unfortunate that the Supreme Court has essentially abdicated that role. There is reason to believe that it is not only expert commentators who find the Supreme Court’s third-party assumption of risk doctrine unsatisfactory. An empirical study, for example, found that respondents thought the Supreme Court was under-protecting privacy in a number of areas, including protection of business records,
see
Christopher Slobogin & Joseph E. Schumacher,
Reasonable Expectations of Privacy and Autonomy in Fourth Amendment Cases: An Empirical Look at “Understandings Recognized and Permitted by Society,”
42
DUKE L.J.
727 (1993).

45
.  
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GEN., U.S. DEP’T OF JUSTICE, A REVIEW OF THE F.B.I.’S USE OF SECTION
215
ORDERS FOR BUSINESS RECORDS IN
2006 Ix–xi (2007).

46
.  Richard S. Dunham,
The Patriot Act: Business Balks,
BUSINESSWEEK,
Nov. 10, 2005,
http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2005/nf20051110_9709_db016.htm
.

47
.  
Id.

48
.  
See
Michelle Kisluk & Wendy Gross,
Canada’s Privacy Laws v. The USA PATRIOT ACT: How Information-Sharing with U.S.-linked Companies May Breach Canada’s Laws,
FINDLAW
(May 10, 2005),
http://library.findlaw.com/2005/May/10/245866.html
.

49
.  
See, e.g.,
Letter to Sen. Arlen Specter from Ass’n of Corp. Counsel, Bus. Civil Liberties, Inc., The Fin. Servs. Roundtable, Nat’l Ass’n of Mfrs., Nat’l Ass’n of Realtors, & U.S. Chamber of Commerce (Oct. 4, 2005) (on file with ACLU),
http://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/business%20patriot%20letter.pdf
.

50
.  Susan Crabtree,
Obama Stares Down Patriot Act Criticism,
THE HILL
(Nov. 12, 2009, 7:00 a.m.),
http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/67459-administration-stares-down-patriot-act-criticism
.

51
.  After Section 215 was renewed in January 2011, Senator Leahy, Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, wrote to Attorney General Holder asking his help in implementing the agreed-upon changes even though they had not become law. Letter from Sen. Patrick Leahy, Chairman, S. Comm. on Judiciary, to Eric Holder, Att’y Gen of the United States, (Mar. 17, 2010),
http://judiciary.senate.gov/resources/documents/111thCongress/upload/031710LeahyToHolder.pdf
.

52
.  
See
Charlie Savage, Senators Say Patriot Act Is Being Misinterpreted,
N.Y. TIMES,
May 27, 2011.

Chapter 8

1
.  Elaine Scarry,
Resolving to Resist,
BOSTON REV.
(February/March 2004),
http://bostonreview.net/BR29.1/scarry.html
.

2
.  Alison Leigh Cowan,
Four Librarians Finally Break Silence in Records Case,
N.Y. TIMES,
May 31, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/31/nyregion/31library.html?_r=1
.

3
.  Nancy Kranich,
Commentary: The Impact of the USA PATRIOT Act on Free Expression,
FREE EXPRESSION POL’Y PROJECT
(May 5, 2003),
http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/patriotact.html
.

4
.  Requests for Information under the Electronic Communications Privacy Act: Memorandum Opinion from the White House Office of Legal Counsel to the Gen. Counsel for the FBI (Nov. 5, 2008),
http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/olc/ecpa.pdf
.

5
.  Memorandum in Opposition to Government’s Emergency Motion to Stay Pending Expedited Appeal at 3, Doe v. Gonzales, No. 05–4896 (D. Conn. Sept. 19, 2005),
http://action.aclu.org/nsl/legal/aclu_memo_vacate_stay_092205.pdf
.

6
.  
History and Application of the USA PATRIOT ACT and the Importance of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA), Hearing Before the S. Select Comm. on Intelligence,
109th Cong. 98 (2005) (testimony of Alberto R. Gonzales),
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2005_hr/shrg109-341.pdf
.

7
.  Doe v. Ashcroft, 334 F. Supp. 2d 471 (S.D.N.Y. 2004),
vacated sub nom.
Doe v. Gonzales 449 F. 3d 415 (2d Cir. 2006). The history and subsequent history of this decision will be explained in
chapter 9
.

8
.  
Gagged for Six Years, Nick Merrill Speaks Out on Landmark Court Struggle over FBI’s National Security Letters,
DEMOCRACY NOW
(Aug. 11, 2010),
http://www.democracynow.org/2010/8/11/gagged_for_6_years_nick_merrill
(interview with George Christian). The story of the Library Connection Four is also told in
AMY GOODMAN
&
DAVID GOODMAN, STANDING UP TO THE MADNESS
52–70 (New York: Hyperion 2008).

9
.  
See
Doe v. Gonzales, 546 U.S. 1301, 1305–06 (Ginsburg, Cir. J., 2d Cir. 2005).

10
.  
See
Julie M. Spanbauer,
The First Amendment Right to Petition Government for Redress of Grievances: Cut from a Different Cloth, in
FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND PETITION (THE FIRST AMENDMENT)
85–93 (Margaret M. Russell ed., New York: Prometheus 2010). The courts have not encouraged distinct claims raised under this part of the First Amendment,
see
Michael J. Wishnie,
Immigrants and the Right to Petition,
in
id.,
174–79 (advocating more stringent judicial review of denials of right to petition).

11
.  
See, e.g.,
Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555 (1980). The issue of access to the courts will be discussed in
chapter 11
. Doe v. Gonzales, 386 F. Supp. 2d 66, 73 (D. Conn. 2005).

12
.  Doe v. Gonzales, 386 F. Supp. 2d 66, 73 (D. Conn. 2005).

13
.  Alison Leigh Cowan,
Librarians Must Stay Silent in Patriot Act Suit, Court Says,
N.Y. TIMES,
Sept. 21, 2005,
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/nyregion/21library.html
.

14
.  Doe Memorandum in Opposition to Pl.’s Emergency Mot. to Vacate Stay at 4, Doe v. Gonzales, No. 05–4896 (2d Cir. Sept. 26, 2005),
http://action.aclu.org/nsl/legal/govt_opp_mot_vacate_stay_092605.pdf
.

15
.  
See
Gov’t’s Memorandum in Support of Mot. for Emergency Closure of Hearing at 1, Doe v. Gonzales, No. 05-4896 (2d Cir. Sept. 27, 2005),
http://action.aclu.org/nsl/legal/govt_emerg_mot_close_092705.pdf
.

16
.  Doe v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 415, 422 (2d Cir. 2006).

17
.  Doe v. Gonzales, 546 U.S. 1301 (Ginsburg, Cir. J., 2d Cir. 2005).

18
.  Alison Leigh Cowan,
A Court Fights to Keep a Secret That’s Long Been Revealed,
N.Y. TIMES,
Nov. 18, 2005,
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E6D7113EF93BA25752C1A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1
.

19
.  Barton Gellman,
The FBI’s Secret Scrutiny: In Hunt for Terrorists Bureau Examines Records of Ordinary Americans,
WASH. POST,
Nov. 6, 2005,
http://www.wash-ingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/05/AR2005110501366.html
.

20
.  
Id.; see also
Letter from William Moschella to Arlen Specter, Chair, S. Judiciary Comm. (Nov. 23, 2005),
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/dojletter112305.pdf
(response to Gellman article).

21
.  
U.S. DEP’T OF JUSTICE, OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GEN., A REVIEW OF THE FBI’S USE OF NATIONAL SECURITY LETTERS
37 (2007),
http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/s0703b/final.pdf
.

22
.  George Christian,
Doe v. Gonzales: Fighting the FBI’s Demand for Library Records,
ACLU
(May 30, 2006),
http://www.aclu.org/national-security/idoe-v-gonzalesi-fighting-fbis-demand-library-records-statement-george-christian
.

23
.  
Tuesday Keynote: Meet Two of the Jane Does from Doe v. Gonzales,
N.J. LIBR. ASS’N BLOG
(Apr. 25, 2007),
http://blog.njla.org/archives/2007/04/tuesday_keynote_meet_two_of_th.html
.

24
.  Abby Goodrum & Velma Rogers Graham,
Impact and Analysis of Law Enforcement Activities on Public and Academic Libraries
36,
AM. LIBR. ASS’N
(Aug. 25, 2005),
http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/oitp/publications/booksstudies/LawRptFinal.pdf
.

25
.  Editorial,
Breaking a Promise on Surveillance,
N.Y. TIMES,
July 29, 2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/30/opinion/30fri1.html?_r=1&ref=usa_patriot_act
.

26
.  Joan Airoldi,
Librarian’s Brush with FBI Shapes Her View of the Patriot Act,
USA TODAY,
May 17, 2005,
http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-05-17-librarian-edit_x.htm
.

27
.  George Eberhart,
Carol Brey-Casiano Tells a Patriot Act Story,
AM. LIBR.
(June 29, 2010),
http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/print/4390
.

28
.  Rachel Myers,
Gag Lifted, Brewster Speaks!
ACLU BLOG OF RIGHTS
(May 9, 2008, 10:27
A.M.),
http://www.aclu.org/2008/05/09/gag-lifted-brewster-speaks
.

29
.  
Anti-Terrorism Investigations and the Fourth Amendment After September 11, 2001, Hearing Before the Subcomm. on the Const. of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary,
108th Cong. 38 (2003) (testimony of Viet D. Dinh, former Assistant Att’y Gen., U.S. Dept. of Justice),
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_house_hearings&;docid=f:87238.pdf
.

30
.  
Oversight of the FBI: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary,
110th Cong. 10 (2007) (testimony of Robert S. Mueller, Dir., FBI),
http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings&docid=f:38189.pdf
.

31
.  
FBI Won’t Publicly Disclose Number of NSLs Used at Libraries,
LIBR. J.
(Mar. 3, 2007),
http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6430178.html
.

32
.  USA PATRIOT ACT Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109–78 § 5, 120 Stat. 278, 281 (2006).

33
.  
See
18 U.S.C. § 2709(f) (2006).

34
.  James H. Klinger,
Responses of the FBI Based upon the May 2, 2006 Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary Regarding FBI Oversight,
at 122 (Nov. 30, 2006),
http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/advocacy/federallegislation/theusapa-triotact/Muellerresponses050206.pdf
.

35
.  
See generally
Comm. on Technical and Privacy Dimensions of Info. for Terrorism Prevention and Other Nat’l Goals, Nat’l Research Council,
Public Opinion Data on U.S. Attitudes Toward Government Counterterrorism Efforts,
PROTECTING INDIVIDUAL PRIVACY IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST TERRORISTS: A FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRAM ASSESSMENT,
at 281–334 (Washington, DC: Academy of Sciences 2008),
http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12452&page=281
.
See
Lydia Saad,
Americans Reject Extreme Anti-Privacy Measures,
Gallup (Aug. 8, 2005) (citing a July 2005 Gallup poll indicating 60 percent of Americans polled opposed permitting the government to search a list of books they have checked out of the library, and only 46 percent of even the most “security minded” of those polled favored government access to library records); ALA Straw Poll (Mar. 8, 2006) (Out of 145 participants, 80 percent of respondents answered “No” and 14 percent answered “Yes,” to the question: “Do you think the modifications in the Senate compromise bill (S. 2271) on the Patriot Act offer adequate civil-liberties protections to libraries and their patrons?”),
http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/aldirect/2006pollresults/2006polls.cfm
.