Taking Liberties: The War on Terror and the Erosion of American Democracy (49 page)

7
.   Cauley,
supra
note 1.

8
.   FISA Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 101-261, 122 Stat. 2436 (2008) (codified at 50 U.S.C. § 1881a). Section 702(h)(3) exempts telecommunications providers from liability.

9
.   Government Defendants’ Notice of Motion and Motion to Dismiss for Summary Judgment at 3–7, 14–15, Jewel v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 2010 WL 235075 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2010), (No. C 06–1791 VRW),
http://www.eff.org/files/filenode/jewel/jewelmtdobama.pdf;
see
Jones,
infra
note 49, for analysis.

10
.  
Jewel v. Nat’l Sec. Agency,
2010 WL 235075 at *1.

11
.  Al-Haramain Islamic Found. v. Bush, 507 F.3d 1190, 1193 (9th Cir. 2007).

12
.  Amnesty Int’l USA v. McConnell, 646 F. Supp. 2d 633, 645 (S.D.N.Y. 2009),
rev’d sub nom.
Amnesty Int’l USA v. Clapper,__ F.3d __, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 5699 (2d Cir. 2011).

13
.  My sources for the story of events within the DOJ include the 2009
Inspector General’s Report, NSA, supra
note 4; James Comey’s testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee:
Preserving Prosecutorial Independence: Is the Dep’t of Justice Politicizing the Hiring and Firing of U.S. Attorneys?—Part IV: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary,
110th Cong. 213–53 (2007),
http://frwebgate. access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings&docid=f:35800. pdf;
and
JACK GOLDSMITH, THE TERROR PRESIDENCY
(New York: W.W. Norton 2009).

14
.  
GOLDSMITH,
supra
note 13;
see also
JANE MAYER, THE DARK SIDE
(New York: Anchor Books 2009);
ERIC LICHTBLAU, BUSH’S LAW
(New York: Pantheon 2008).

15
.  
GOLDSMITH,
supra
note 13, at 24.

16
.  
Id.
at 167; Cauley,
supra
note 1; Risen & Lichtblau,
supra
note 3.

17
.  
Inspector Gen. Report, NSA, supra
note 4, at 23;
see also
David D. Kirkpatrick & Scott Shane,
G.O.P. Senators Say Accord Is Set on Wiretapping,
N.Y. TIMES,
Mar. 8, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/politics/08nsa.html
; Scott Shane & Eric Lichtblau,
Full House Committee Gets Briefing on Eavesdropping,
N.Y. TIMES,
Feb. 9, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/09/politics/09nsa.html
.

18
.  Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of Justice, 584 F. Supp. 2d 65 (D.D.C. 2008).

19
.  
Inspector Gen. Report, NSA, supra
note 4, at 21; Testimony by Comey,
supra
note 13,
at
226–27.

20
.  
Inspector Gen. Report, NSA, supra
note 4.

21
.  
See
28 U.S.C. § 508(a) (specifying procedures for filling a vacancy of the Attorney General’s office).

22
.  Memorandum from Elizabeth B. Bazan & Jennifer K. Elsea,
supra
note 2, at 36–44.

23
.  
See
50 U.S.C. § 1811 (allowing an exception to FISA for fifteen days following a declaration of war); Memorandum from Elizabeth B. Bazan & Jennifer K. Elsea,
supra
note 2, at 37.

24
.  
GOLDSMITH,
supra
note 13, at 206, 227.

25
.  
Id.
at 206.

26
.  
See
MAYER,
supra
note 14, at 66–70.

27
.  
Id.
at 167, 182;
see Inspector Gen. Report, NSA, supra
note 4, at 31.

28
.  Cauley,
supra
note 1.

29
.  For an example of a blanket Cheney statement contending, without specific examples or documentation, that our antiterrorism strategies have saved thousands of lives,
see Cheney Says Interrogations Saved Thousands of Lives,
ABC (May 11, 2009, 8:00
A.M.),
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/11/2566040.htm
.

30
.  
LAWRENCE WRIGHT, THE LOOMING TOWER
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2006).

31
.  
FISA Hearing: Hearing Before the Perm. Select Comm. on Intelligence,
110th Cong. 76-79 (2007),
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2007_hr/fisa092007.pdf
, at 76–79;
Warrantless Surveillance and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: The Role of Checks and Balances in Protecting Americans’ Privacy Rights (Part II): Hearing Before the H. Comm. on the Judiciary,
110th Cong. 95 (2007),
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2007_hr/warrantless2.pdf
.

32
.  Lawrence Wright,
The Spymaster: Can Mike McConnell Fix America’s Intelligence Community?
THE NEW YORKER
(Jan. 21, 2008),
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/01/21/080121fa_fact_wright
;
see also FISA Hearing, supra
note 31, at 76–79.

33
.  Wright,
supra
note 32.

34
.  
Confronting the Terrorist Threat to the Homeland: Six Years After 9/11, Hearing Before S. Comm, on Homeland Security and Gov’t’l Affairs,
110th Cong. 20 (2007),
http://www.dni.gov/testimonies/20070910_transcript.pdf
.

35
.  
See
Dan Eggen,
Wiretap Delay Not Quite as Presented,
WASH. POST,
Sept. 29, 2007,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/28/AR2007092801858.html?nav=rss_politics
.

36
.  
Inspector Gen. Report, NSA, supra
note 4, at 31–32.

37
.  
JAMES BAMFORD, BODY OF SECRETS
647 (New York: Anchor Books 2002).

38
.  Ellen Nakashima & Dan Eggen,
Former CEO Says U.S. Punished Phone Firm,
WASH. POST,
Oct. 13, 2007,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202485.html
.

39
.  Amy Schatz,
Paul Camp, Liberals Unite On Spy Bill,
WALL ST. J.,
June 26, 2008,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121443403835305037.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
.

40
.  ACLU v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 438 F. Supp. 2d 754 (E.D. Mich. 2006),
rev’d,
493 F.3d 644 (6th Cir. 2007),
cert. denied
552 U.S. 1179 (2008).

41
.  ACLU v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 493 F.3d 644 (6th Cir. 2007),
cert. denied
552 U.S. 1179 (2008).

42
.  ACLU v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 493 F. 3d 644 (6th Cir. 2007)
cert. denied
552 U.S. 1179 (2008).

43
.  Amnesty Int’l USA v. McConnell, 646 F. Supp. 2d 633 (S.D.N.Y. 2009),
rev’d sub nom.
Amnesty Int’l USA v. Clapper, __ F.3d __, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 5699 (2d Cir. 2011).

44
.  Amnesty Int’l USA v. Clapper, __ F.3d __, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 5699 (2d Cir. 2011).

45
.  Times Topics: People,
Vaughn R. Walker,
N.Y. TIMES,
Aug. 6, 2010,
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/w/vaughn_r_walker/index. html
.

46
.  Senator Arlen Specter, for example, proposed a bill to indemnify the telecoms by making the government responsible instead. S. Amend. 5059 to H.R. 6404, 110th Cong. (2008) (withdrawn on July 9, 2008, having failed to achieve sixty votes in the affirmative);
see
Eric Lichtblau,
Democrats Delay a Vote on Immunity for Wiretaps,
N.Y. TIMES,
Dec. 18, 2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/washington/18nsa.html?_r=2
.

47
.  
Jewel v. Nat’l Sec. Agency,
2010 WL 235075.

48
.  
Id.; see also
Government Defendants’ Notice of Motion and Motion to Dismiss for Summary Judgment,
supra
note 9.

49
.  Tim Jones,
In Warrantless Wiretapping Case, Obama DOJ’s New Arguments Are Worse Than Bush’s,
DEEPLINKS BLOG
(Apr. 7, 2009),
http://www.eff.org/deep-links/2009/04/obama-doj-worse-than-bush
.

50
.  Carol D. Leonnig & Mary Beth Sheridan,
Saudi Group Alleges Wiretapping by U.S.,
WASH. POST,
Mar. 2, 2006,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/01/AR2006030102585.html?nav=most_emailed
.

51
.  
See
Philip Shenon,
Lawyers Fear Monitoring in Cases on Terrorism,
N.Y. TIMES,
Apr. 28, 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/us/28lawyers.html
.

52
.  In re Nat’l Sec. Agency Telecomms. Records Litig., 700 F. Supp. 2d 1182, 1189 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (referencing Defendants’ Third Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, for Summary Judgment, at 20–23).

53
.  Memorandum from United States Att’y Gen. Eric Holder to Heads of Executive Dep’ts, Agencies, and Heads of Dep’t Components, on Policies and Procedures Governing Invocation of the State Secrets Privilege (Sept. 23, 2009),
http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/state-secret-privileges.pdf;
see also
Press Release,
U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, Attorney General Establishes New State Secrets Policies and Procedures,
U.S. DEP’T OF JUSTICE
(Sept. 23, 2009),
http://www.justice. gov/opa/pr/2009/September/09-ag-1013.html
.

54
.  In re Nat’l Sec. Agency Telecomms. Records Litig., 700 F. Supp. 2d at 1196.

55
.  
Id.
at 1191.

56
.  
See
Daphne Eviatar,
Obama DOJ Defies Federal Judge,
WASH. INDEPENDENT,
Mar. 2, 2009,
http://washingtonindependent.com/31944/obama-doj-defies-federal-judge
.

57
.  Michael Isikoff,
Holder’s Dilemma: Will Justice Have to Pay Money to a Terrorist Organization?
NEWSWEEK
(Apr. 21, 2010),
http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/2010/04/21/holder-s-dilemma-will-justice-have-to-pay-money-to-a-terrorist-organization.html
.

58
.  Eric Lichtblau & James Risen,
Officials Say U.S. Wiretaps Exceeded Law,
N.Y. TIMES,
Apr. 16, 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/us/16nsa.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1
.

59
.  
FREDERICK A. O. SCHWARZ, JR.
&
AZIZ
z.
HUQ, UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED
(New York: The New Press 2008);
see also
Seth Kreimer,
Watching the Watchers: Surveillance, Transparency, and Political Freedom in the War on Terror,
7
U. PA. J. CONST.
L. 133 (2004).

60
.  
See
50 U.S.C. §§ 1805b(h)(1)(A) & 1805b(i); In re Directives [redacted text]* Pursuant to Section 105B of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, 551 F.3d 1004, 1009 (FISA Ct. Rev. 2008).

61
.  Theodore W. Ruger,
Chief Justice Rehnquist’s Appointments to the FISA Court: An Empirical Perspective,
101
NW. U.L. REV.
239, 257 (2007).

62
.  In re Directives [redacted text], 551 F.3d at 1014.

63
.  Motion of the ACLU for Release of Court Records, In re Motion for Release of Court Records (FISA Ct. Aug. 8, 2007) (MISC. 07-01),
http://www.aclu.org/files/images/asset_upload_file968_31228.pdf;
see also ACLU Asks Special Intelligence Court to Release Orders That Led to “Emergency” Wiretapping Legislation,
ACLU (Aug. 8, 2007),
http://www.aclu.org/national-security/aclu-asks-secret-intelligence-court-release-orders-led-emergency-wiretapping-legis
.

64
.  Matthew R. Hall,
Constitutional Regulation of National Security Investigation: Minimizing the Use of Unrelated Evidence,
41
WAKE FOREST L. REV.
61 (2006); Kreimer,
supra
note 59, at 171–81.

65
.  Complaint, ACLU v. Office of the Dir. of Nat’l Intelligence, No. 10-cv-4419, (S.D.N.Y. June 3, 2010),
http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-6-3-FAACom-plaint_1.pdf
.

66
.  See
Summary of FISA Amendments Act FOIA Documents Released on November 29, 2010,
ACLU,
http://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/natsec/faafoia20101129/20101129Summary.pdf
. The documents themselves are available at
http://www.aclu. org/national-security/faa-foia-documents
.

Chapter 11

1
.  9/11
COMMISSION REPORT: FINAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON THE UNITED STATES
365 (Washington, DC: USGPO, 2004),
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/fullreport.pdf
[hereinafter
9/11 Commission Report].

2
.  President Barack H. Obama, Remarks by the President on National Security at the National Archives (May 21, 2009),
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-On-National-Security-5-21-09/
.

3
.  
Transcript of Obama-Sotomayor Nomination,
CNN (May 26, 2009),
http://articles.cnn.com/2009-05-26/politics/obama.sotomayor.transcript_1_justice-souter-supreme-court-highest-court?_s=PM:POLITICS
.

4
.  President Obama, Remarks at the National Archives,
supra
note 2.

5
.  Clinton’s decisions were made in January 2010. The Second Circuit Court of Appeals had held in July 2009 that the government had not shown sufficient reason for excluding Ramadan to overcome the First Amendment rights of the American Academy of Religion, the American Association of University Professors, and the PEN American Center to hear his ideas. Am. Acad. of Religion v. Napolitano, 573 F.3d 115 (2d Cir. 2009).