Terror in the Balkans (55 page)

24. RW 40–3. Befehlshaber Serbien, Kommandostab 6/27/41. Betr.: Juden in deutschen

Wehrmachtsquartieren.

25. BfZ, Sammlung Sterz. Corporal Ludwig Bauer, 3. Kp. Nachsch. Btl. 563, 4/6/41.

Bauer is a pseudonym.

26. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1295–1296. Anlage 2 zum Befehl 704. Inf.-Div. Ic, 6/2/41.

27. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1306–1308. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/1/41. Betr.: Heeresstreifen.

Throughout this book, the term
divisional command
is taken to mean the divisional operations section. This section was subordinate to the divisional commander and

would have liaised closely with him. Cases of a divisional commander directly issu-

ing orders himself are indicated in the text.

28. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1202–1205. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia/Ic, 6/14/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 2.

29. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
31–32; Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
Hitler’s New Disorder: The
Second World War in Yugoslavia
(London: Hurst, 2008), 60.

30. Philip W. Blood,
Hitler’s Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
(Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006), 76.

31. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1184. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/20/41. Divisionsbefehl.

32. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1137. IR 724 Ia, 6/21/41. Betr.: Banden- und Freischärler-

Umtriebe.

33. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1110. Höheres Kommando LXV, 6/14/41; Charles D. Melson,

“German Counter-Insurgency Revisited,”
Journal of Slavic Military Studies
24

(2011): 129–132.

34. Tim Judah,
The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 117. On the armistice arrangements of April 1941,

see Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks

(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), 73–74.

294
Notes to Pages 89–92

35. In April 1942 the Pecánac Chetniks’ strength stood at 8,745 men. Tomasevich,
War
and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks,
110.

36. Ibid., 122.

37. Matteo J. Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
(Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 14–19; Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 115–132.

38. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1256. Generalkommando XI Armeekorps Ia, 5/28/41. Betr.:

Bewachungsaufgaben.

39. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1234. 704. Inf.-Div. Ib, 6/13/41. Fehlbestand-Meldung nach dem

Stand vom 10. Juni 1941 für Waffen und Gerät; MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1233. 704. Inf.-

Div. Ib, 6/13/41. Munitionsbestands-Fehlmeldung nach dem Stand vom 10. Juni 1941.

40. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
26, 30.

41. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1312. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/31/41. Betr.: Personal für die Aufstellung einer Tragtierstaffel.

42. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1185–1187. 704. Inf.-Div., 6/19/41. Betr.: Nachrichtenmittel der Division.

43. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1200–1201. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/31/41. Divisions-Tagesbefehl Nr. 2.

44. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 886–888. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 7/21/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 2.

45. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 841–842. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 7/30/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 2.

46. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1200–1201. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/31/41. Divisions-Tagesbefehl Nr. 2.

47. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1168–1170. 704. Inf.-Div. Ia, 6/21/41. Divisionsbefehl, p. 3.

48. MFB4/72350, 20294/3, 1183. Höheres Kommando LXV Ia, 6/20/41. Emphasis in

original.

49. Ibid.

50. Geoffrey Swain,
Tito: A Biography
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 27.

51. Marko Attila Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and
the Chetniks 1941–1943
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 42–43; Swain,
Tito:
A Biography
, 15–26.

52. M. R. D. Foot,
Resistance: An Analysis of European Resistance to Nazism 1940–1945

(London: Eyre Methuen, 1976), 192. On the general beginnings of the Yugoslav Par-

tisan movement in 1941, see Milovan Djilas,
Wartime: With Tito and the Partisans

(London: Martin Secker and Warburg, 1977), 3–58; Mark Wheeler, “Pariahs to Par-

tisans to Power: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia,” in
Resistance and Revolu-

tion in Mediterranean Europe 1939–1948,
ed. Tony Judt (London: Routledge, 1989), 128–136; Richard West,
Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia
(London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1996), chaps. 3, 4; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 54–59; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the

Chetniks 1941–1943,
28–92; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 27–36.

53. Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 29–30.

54. Wheeler, “Pariahs to Partisans to Power: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia,” 130.

55. Marko Attila Hoare, “Whose Is the Partisan Movement? Serbs, Croats and the

Legacy of a Shared Resistance,”
Journal of Slavic Military Studies
15, no. 4 (2002):
Notes to Pages 92–95
295

25–27; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 64–65; Swain,
Tito: A
Biography
, 34–35.

56. Klaus Schmider, “Der jugoslawische Kriegsschauplatz,” in
Das Deutsche Reich und
der Zweite Weltkrieg, Band 8. Die Ostfront, 1943/44: Der Krieg im Osten und an den

Nebenfronten
, Karl-Heinz Frieser et al. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2007), 1013.

57. On the Catholic Church in the NDH, see Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in

Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
(Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni-

versity Press, 2001), 372–368, 522–568.

58. Wheeler, “Pariahs to Partisans to Power: The Communist Party of Yugoslavia,”

129; Judah,
The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
, 126; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–

1943,
21–22.

59. The three hundred thousand fi gure closely corresponds with those offered by

recent scholarly research. See Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia:

The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 23–25. On the problems in accurately

identifying the scale and composition of Yugoslav population losses during World

War II, see Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation

and Collaboration,
chap. 17. On the Ustasha’s campaign of persecution and killing in 1941 generally, see Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945:

Occupation and Collaboration
, chap. 9; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s
Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 19–28. For an examination of the role local-level factors played in fueling the campaign, see Tomislav Dulic´,
Utopias
of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42
(Uppsala: Uppsala University Press, 2005).

60. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Col-

laboration
, 85–91, 392–397; Mark Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied
Europe
(London: Allen Lane, 2008), 203–204.

61. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks,
132–134.

On the Montenegrin case, see Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav

Resistance
, 43–48; Schmider, “Der jugoslawsiche Kriegsschauplatz,” 1011–1012.

62. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
, 401.

63. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 45.

64. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 23.

65. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 49.

66. See especially Peter Broucek, ed.,
Ein General im Zwielicht. Die Erinnerungen

Edmund Glaises von Horstenau. Band III: Deutscher Bevollmächtiger General in

Kroatien und Zeuge des Untergangs des “Tausendjährigen Reiches”
(Vienna: Böhlau, 1988).

67. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 46–48.

68. Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42,
283.

296
Notes to Pages 95–99

69. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 46; Ruth Bettina Birn,
Die
Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer: Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und den besetzten Gebieten
(Düsseldorf: Droste, 1986), 261; Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
, 347.

70. RW 40/4. Befehlshaber Serbien Verwaltungsstab, 7/23/41. Betr.: Politische Lage in

Serbien, p. 1.

71. West,
Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia
, 110–111; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg
in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 57.

72. Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 36.

73. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
125.

74. Melissa K. Bokovoy,
Peasants and Communists: Politics and Ideology in the Yugoslav
Countryside, 1941–1953
(Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998), 9–10; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks

1941–1943
, 83–92; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 37–40.

75. Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
, 15; Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien

1941/42,
115; West,
Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia
, 110–111. For detailed treatment of the activities of the Chetnik movement in Serbia in 1941, see Milazzo,

The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
, chap. 2; Tomasevich,
War and
Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, chap. 5.

76. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 99–100.

77. Ibid., 100.

78. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 141–142.

79. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
116.

80. Ibid., 124.

81. Milazzo,
The Chetni Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance
, 21; Tomasevich,
War
and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
, 177–180.

82. RW 40/4. Befehlshaber Serbien Kommandostab, 8/5/41. Tätigkeitsbericht, Juli 1941, p. 1.

83. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenver-

nichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
124.

84. MFB4/72351, 20294/4, 439–440. Höheres Kommando LXV, 8/8/41, p. 1; RW 40/4.

Befehlshaber Serbien Ia, no date. Lagebericht, 8/21–8/31/41, p. 1.

85. Stevan K. Pavlowitsch,
Yugsolavia
(London: Ernest Bevin Ltd., 1971), 127; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 37.

86. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration
, 177–180.

87. Ibid., 180–183; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 60–62.

88. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 61; Browning, “Harald Turner und die Militärverwaltung in Serbien 1941–1942,” 357.

89. MFB4 72351, 20294/4, 439–440. Höheres Kommando LXV, 8/8/41, p. 2.

90. RW 40/4. Militärbefehlshaber Serbien 7/26/41. Propaganda-Abteilung “S.” Lage

und Tätigkeitsbericht, 6/26–7/25/41, p. 1.

Notes to Pages 99–102
297

91. RW 40/4. Befehlshaber Serbien Verwaltungsstab, 7/23/41. Betr.: Politische Lage in

Serbien, p. 1.

92. NARA T-175, 233. Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD Amt IV, 6/25/41, p. 3.

93. Browning, Harald Turner und die Militärverwaltung in Serbien 1941–1942,” 357.

94. Hermann Frank Mayer,
Von Wien nach Kalavryta: Die blutige Spur der 117. Jäger-

Division durch Serbien und Griechenland
(Mannheim: Peleus, 2001), 42.

95. RW 40/5. Befehlshaber Serbien, no date. Lagebericht, 8/21–8/31/41, p. 2.

96. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 59.

97. RW 40/4. Befehlshaber Serbien Ia. Kriegstagebuch, 7/24/41.

98. Ibid., 35.

99. Manoschek, “The Extermination of the Jews in Serbia,” 167.

100. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42,
44.

101. Ibid., 41–42.

102. Ibid., 52–53.

103. Ibid., 53–54; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 63.

104. Manoschek,
“Serbien ist judenfrei”: Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42
, 45. Restraint towards the general population, coupled with

“demonstrative” terror against such targeted sections of it, was a tactic also practiced by many army units in the occupied Soviet Union during summer 1941. See Jürgen

Förster, “Die Sicherung des Lebensraumes,” in
Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion
, Horst Boog et al. (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1991), 1234–1235; Jürgen Förster, “The Relationship between Operation Barbarossa as an Ideological War of Extermination and