The App Generation (24 page)

10.
Howard Gardner,
The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution
(New York: Basic Books, 1985).

11.
B. F. Skinner,
Beyond Freedom and Dignity
(New York: Knopf, 1971).

12.
Mimi Ito,
Hanging Out, Messing Around, Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009).

13.
danah boyd,
A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites
(New York: Routledge, 2011); Cathy N. Davidson,
Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way in Which We Live, Work, and Learn
(New York: Vintage, 2011); Henry Jenkins,
Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide
(New York: NYU Press, 2008); Clay Shirky,
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations
(New York: Penguin, 2008); David Weinberger,
Too Big to Know: Rethinking Knowledge Now That the Facts Aren't the Facts, Experts Are Everywhere, and the Smartest Person in the Room Is the Room
(New York: Basic Books, 2011).

14.
Nicholas Carr,
The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains
(New York: Norton, 2010).

15.
Mark Bauerlein,
The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future (Or, Don't Trust Anyone Under 30)
(New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2009).

16.
Cass R. Sunstein,
Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

17.
Sherry Turkle,
Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other
(New York: Basic Books, 2011); Jaron Lanier,
You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto
(New York: Vintage, 2011).

CHAPTER
3.
UNPACKING THE GENERATIONS

1.
T. S. Eliot,
Christianity and Culture
(1948; reprint ed., Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 1976), 91.

2.
Gustave Flaubert to Mlle Leroyer de Chantepie, in
The Letters of Gustave Flaubert, 1857–1880,
ed. and trans. Francis Steegmuller (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 80.

3.
Gertrude Stein, quoted in Ernest Hemingway,
A Moveable Feast
(New York: Scribners, 1964), 29. Another version was used as an epigraph in Hemingway's novel
The Sun Also Rises
(1926).

4.
There is an extensive sociological and historical literature on the concept of generations. Among the leading references are: Judith Burnett,
Generations: The Time Machine in Theory and Practice
(Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010); Glenn H. Elder Jr., John Modell, and Ross D. Parke, eds.,
Children in Time and Place
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Gerhard Falk and Ursula A. Falk,
Youth Culture and the Generation G-a-p
(New York: Algora, 2005); Karl Mannheim, “The Problem of Generations,” in
From Karl Mannheim,
ed. Kurt Wolff and David Kettler (London: Transaction, 1993); Katherine Newman, “Ethnography, Biography and Cultural History: Generational Paradigms in Human Development,” in
Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry,
ed. Richard Jessor, Anne Colby, and Richard A. Shweder (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 371–395; and William Strauss and Neil Howe,
Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069
(New York: William Morrow, 1991).

5.
David Riesman, Nathan Glazer, and Reuel Denney,
The Lonely Crowd
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950).

6.
William H. Whyte Jr.,
The Organization Man
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956); Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas,
The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986); Kenneth Keniston,
The Uncommitted: Alien Youth in American Society
(New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1965); C. Wright Mills,
The Power Elite
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1956).

7.
Erik H. Erikson,
Childhood and Society
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1950). See also Lawrence J. Friedman,
Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erickson
(New York: Scribner, 1999).

8.
Arthur Miller,
Death of a Salesman
(1949; reprint ed., New York: Penguin, 1976), 54.

9.
Arthur Levine,
When Dreams and Heroes Died: A Portrait of Today's College Student
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1980); Arthur Levine and Jeanette S. Curreton,
When Hope and Fear Collide
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998); Arthur Levine and Diane R. Dean,
Generation on a Tightrope: A Portrait of Today's College Student
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2012). On difficulties in forming enduring relations in
the digital era, see Sherry Turkle,
Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other
(New York: Basic Books, 2011).

10.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett,
Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from Late Teens through the Twenties
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

11.
Prediction attributed to Thomas J. Watson Jr., president of IBM, either 1943 or 1958 (sources disagree).

CHAPTER
4.
PERSONAL IDENTITY IN THE AGE OF THE APP

1.
Sherry Turkle,
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).

2.
Noelle J. Hum et al., “A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words: A Content Analysis of Facebook Profile Photographs,”
Computers in Human Behavior
27 (2011): 1828–1833; A. Moreau et al., “L'usage de Facebook et les enjeux de l'adolescence: Une étude qualitative,”
Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence
60 (2012): 429–434; J. V. Peluchette and K. Karl, “Examining Students' Intended Image on Facebook: ‘What Were They Thinking?!'”
Journal of Education for Business
85 (2010): 30–37; Susannah Stern, “Producing Sites, Exploring Identities: Youth Online Authorship,” in
Youth, Identity, and Digital Media,
ed. David Buckingham (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), 95–117; Shanyang Zhao, Sherri Grasmuck, and Jason Martin, “Identity Construction on Facebook: Digital Empowerment in Anchored Relationships,”
Computers in Human Behavior
24 (2008): 1816–1836.

3.
Katie Davis and Carrie James, “Tweens' Conceptions of Privacy Online: Implications for Educators,”
Learning, Media and Technology
38 (2013): 4–25.

4.
Josh Miller, “What the Tech World Looks Like to a Teen,”
Buzz-Feed,
January 2, 2013,
http://www.buzzfeed.com/joshmiller/what-the-tech-world-looks-like-to-a-teen
.

5.
Erik H. Erikson,
Identity: Youth and Crisis
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1968).

6.
Arthur Levine and Diane R. Dean,
Generation on a Tightrope: A Portrait of Today's College Student
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012).

7.
Tim Clydesdale,
The First Year Out: Understanding American Teens after High School
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

8.
John H. Pryor et al., “The American Freshman: Forty Year Trends,” Cooperative Institutional Research Program, Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, 2007; John H. Pryor et al., “The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2012,” Cooperative Institutional Research Program, Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, 2012.

9.
Robert D. Putnam,
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001).

10.
Alan Wolfe,
Moral Freedom: The Impossible Idea that Defines the Way We Live Now
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).

11.
Yalda T. Uhls and Patricia M. Greenfield, “The Rise of Fame: An Historical Content Analysis,”
Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace
5 (2011).

12.
Jean M. Twenge and Joshua D. Foster, “Birth Cohort Increases in Narcissistic Personality Traits among American College Students, 1982–2009,”
Social Psychological and Personality Science
1 (2010): 99–106.

13.
Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith Campbell, “Increases in Positive Self-Views among High School Students,”
Psychological Science
19 (2008): 1082–1086; Christopher Lasch,
The Culture of Narcissism
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979).

14.
Levine and Dean,
Generation on a Tightrope;
Eric Greenberg with Karl Weber,
Generation We: How Millennial Youth Are Taking over America and Changing Our World Forever
(Emeryville, CA: Pachatusan, 2008).

15.
Uhls and Greenfield, “Rise of Fame.”

16.
Jake Halpern,
Fame Junkies: The Hidden Truths behind America's Favorite Addiction
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).

17.
Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, Joanna A. Christodoulou, and Vanessa Singh, “Rest Is Not Idleness: Implications of the Brain's Default Mode for Human Development and Education,”
Perspectives on Psychological Science
7 (2012): 352–364; David M. Levy, “Information, Silence, and Sanctuary,”
Ethics and Information Technology
9 (2007): 233–236; D. M. Levy et al., “The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation Training on Multitasking in a High-Stress Information Environment,”
in
Proceedings of Graphics Interface Conference 2012
(Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society, 2012), 45–52; Gaëlle Desbordes et al., “Effects of Mindful-Attention and Compassion Meditation Training on Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli in an Ordinary, Non-Meditative State,”
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
6 (2012): 292.

18.
Erikson,
Identity;
J. Bruner and D. A. Kalmar, “Narrative and Metanarrative in the Construction of Self,” in
Self-Awareness: Its Nature and Development,
ed. Michael Ferrari and Robert J. Sternberg (New York: Guilford, 1998), 308–331.

19.
Levy, “Information, Silence, and Sanctuary.”

20.
Shawn M. Bergman et al., “Millennials, Narcissism, and Social Networking: What Narcissists Do on Social Networking Sites and Why,”
Personality and Individual Differences
50 (2011): 706–711; Laura E. Buffardi and W. Keith Campbell, “Narcissism and Social Networking Web Sites,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
34 (2008): 1303–1314; Christopher J. Carpenter, “Narcissism on Facebook: Self-Promotional and Anti-Social Behavior,”
Personality and Individual Differences
52 (2012): 482–486; C. Nathan DeWall et al., “Narcissism and Implicit Attention Seeking: Evidence from Linguistic Analyses of Social Networking and Online Presentation,”
Personality and Individual Differences
51 (2011): 57–62; Bruce C. McKinney, Lynne Kelly, and Robert L. Duran, “Narcissism or Openness?: College Students' Use of Facebook and Twitter,”
Communication Research Reports
29 (2012): 108–118; Eileen Y. L. Onge et al., “Narcissism, Extraversion and Adolescents' Self-Presentation on Facebook,”
Personality and Individual Differences
50 (2011): 180–185.

21.
Buffardi and Campbell, “Narcissism and Social Networking Web Sites.”

22.
McKinney, Kelly, and Duran, “Narcissism or Openness?”

23.
Frank Rose, “The Selfish Meme,”
Atlantic,
October 2012.

24.
Sherry Turkle,
Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other
(New York: Basic Books, 2011), 268.

25.
Pryor et al., “American Freshman.”

26.
Levine and Dean,
Generation on a Tightrope;
Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. O'Brien, and Courtney Hsing, “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students over Time: A Meta-Analysis,”
Personality and Social Psychology Review
15 (2011): 180–198.

27.
Todd G. Buchholz and Victoria Buchholz, “The Go-Nowhere Generation,”
New York Times,
March 10, 2012.

28.
Kim Parker, “The Boomerang Generation: Feeling OK about Living with Mom and Dad,” Pew Research Center, March 15, 2012,
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/03/15/the-boomerang-generation/
.

29.
“Percentage of Teen Drivers Continues to Drop,” University of Michigan News Service, July 23, 2013,
http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/20646-percentage-of-teen-drivers-continues-to-drop
.

30.
Buchholz and Buchholz, “Go-Nowhere Generation.”

31.
This statement echoes the argument made by Madeline Levine in an August 4, 2012,
New York Times
opinion piece. Says Levine, if you aren't willing to allow your children to be unhappy, you should not be in the parenting business.

32.
“Percentage of Teen Drivers Continues to Drop.”

33.
Andrew R. Schrock and danah boyd, “Problematic Youth Interactions Online: Solicitation, Harassment, and Cyberbullying,” in
Computer-Mediated Communication in Personal Relationships,
ed. Kevin B. Wright and Lynne M. Webb (New York: Peter Lang, 2011), 368–396.

34.
Kim Thomas, “Teen Online Safety and Digital Reputation Survey,” Cox Communications in partnership with the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, June 2010,
http://multivu.prnewswire.com/player/44526-cox-teen-summit-internet-safety/docs/44526-Cox_Online_Safety_Digital_Reputation_Survey-FNL.pdf
.