The App Generation (27 page)

29.
Linda A. Jackson et al., “Information Technology Use and Creativity:
Findings from the Children and Technology Project,”
Computers in Human Behavior
28 (2012): 370–376.

30.
Oscar Ardaiz-Villanueva et al., “Evaluation of Computer Tools for Idea Generation and Team Formation in Project-Based Learning,”
Computers and Education
56 (2011): 700–711.

31.
Igor Stravinsky,
Poetics of Music in the Form of Six Lessons
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), 63.

32.
Shirky,
Cognitive Surplus
.

33.
Lawrence Lessig,
Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).

34.
Hennessey and Amabile, “Creativity”; Parkhurst, “Confusion, Lack of Consensus, and the Definition of Creativity as a Construct”; Guilford,
Nature of Human Intelligence.

CHAPTER
7.
CONCLUSION

Epigraph: Alfred North Whitehead,
An Introduction to Mathematics
(New York: Holt, 1911), 61. We were pleased to see that Evgeny Morozov reflected similarly on this quotation in a recent column. See Morozov, “Machines of Laughter and Forgetting,”
New York Times Sunday Review,
March 31, 2013, 12.

1.
Anthony Burgess,
A Clockwork Orange
(1962; reprint ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 1986).

2.
Anthony Burgess, “The Clockwork Condition,”
New Yorker,
June 4, 2012.

3.
Burgess, “Clockwork Condition.”

4.
Aldous Huxley,
Brave New World
(1932; reprint ed., New York: Harcourt Perennial, 2006).

5.
George Orwell,
1984
(1948; reprint ed., New York: Signet, 1961).

6.
B. F. Skinner,
Walden II
(1948; reprint ed., New York: Prentice Hall, 1976); Skinner,
Beyond Freedom and Dignity
(New York: Knopf, 1972).

7.
Burgess, “Clockwork Condition.”

8.
Gustave Flaubert,
Sentimental Education: The Story of a Young Man
(1869; reprint ed., Charleston, SC: Forgotten Books, 2012).

9.
For a sampling of accounts by visitors to America, see Oscar Handlin,
This Was America
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1949); J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer
(1782; reprint ed., New York: Dover, 2005); Charles Dickens,
American Notes for General Circulation
(London: Chapman and Hall, 1842); Harriet Martineau,
Society in America
(1837; reprint ed., New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1981); Frances Trollope,
Domestic Manners of the Americans
(1832; reprint ed., New York: Dover, 2003); Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(1835, 1840; new trans., New York: Harper Perennial Classics, 2006); Alistair Cooke,
Alistair Cooke's America
(1973; reprint ed., New York: Basic Books, 2009); and D. W. Brogan,
The American Character
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1944).

10.
Daniel Gilbert,
Stumbling on Happiness
(New York: Random House, 2006).

11.
Shirley Brice Heath made this comment at a seminar at Harvard Project Zero on March 29, 2011, and at the Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Education, October 30, 2011.

12.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett,
Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

13.
Mark Twain,
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(1885; reprint ed., New York: St. Martin's, 1995), 265.

14.
Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbell,
American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010). On religious apps, see Cathleen Falsani, “Need Religion? There's an App for That,”
Huffington Post,
December 3, 2010,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cathleen-falsani/need-religion-theres-an-a_b_789423.html
.

15.
For references on Good Play, see Carrie James et al.,
Young People, Ethics, and the Digital Media: A Synthesis from the GoodPlay Project
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009). For details, see
thegoodproject.org
.

16.
On digital ethics, see also Marc Prensky,
Brain Gain: Technology and the Quest for Digital Wisdom
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).

17.
Alan Wolfe,
Moral Freedom: The Search for Virtue in a World of Choice
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).

18.
On people believing that they are well motivated, see Dan Ariely,
The (Honest) Truth about Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone—Especially Ourselves
(New York: HarperCollins, 2012).

19.
James et al.,
Young People, Ethics, and the Digital Media
. For details, see
thegoodproject.org
. The Good Play Project,
Our Space: Being a Responsible Citizen of the Digital World
(Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education, and Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, 2011),
http://dmlcentral.net/sites/dmlcentral/files/resource_files/Our_
Space_full_casebook_compressed.pdf
. See also the Common Sense Media digital citizenship curriculum,
http://www.commonsensemedia.org/educators/curriculum
.

20.
Katie Davis et al., “Fostering Cross-Generational Dialogues about the Ethics of Online Life,”
Journal of Media Literacy Education
2 (2010): 124–150.

21.
Katie Davis and Howard Gardner, “Five Minds Our Children Deserve: Why They're Needed, How to Nurture Them,”
Journal of Educational Controversy
6 (2012),
http://www.wce.wwu.edu/Resources/CEP/eJournal/v006n001/a001.shtml
.

22.
See Michael Polanyi,
Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). See also Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger,
Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

23.
For studies of creativity, see Howard Gardner,
Creating Minds
(New York: Basic Books, 1993); and Gardner,
Extraordinary Minds: Portraits of Four Exceptional Individuals and an Examination of Our Own Extraordinariness
(New York: Basic Books, 1997).

24.
Pasi Sahlberg,
Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland?
(New York: Teachers College Press, 2011).

25.
Atul Gawande,
The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right
(New York: Henry Holt, 2009); Jerome Groopman, MD,
How Doctors Think
(New York: Mariner Books, 2008).

26.
Howard Gardner, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and William Damon,
Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet
(New York: Basic Books, 2001); Howard Gardner, ed.,
GoodWork: Theory and Practice
(Cambridge, MA: Good Project, 2010),
http://www.goodworkproject.org/publication/goodwork-theory-and-practice/
.
For more information, see the GoodWork website at
http://www.thegoodproject.org/
.

27.
Kathleen Farrell, “Taking Stock: The Value of Structuring Reflection on GoodWork,” in H. Gardner, GoodWork,
http://www.goodworkproject.org/publication/goodwork-theory-and-practice/
.

28.
Home page, The Partnership for 21st Century Skills,
http://www.p21.org/
.

29.
B. F. Skinner,
The Technology of Teaching
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968).

30.
Seth Kugel, “Using TripAdvisor? Some Advice,”
New York Times,
January 1, 2013,
http://frugaltraveler.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/using-tripadvisor-some-advice/
.

31.
Alfred North Whitehead,
The Aims of Education and Other Essays
(New York: Free Press, 1967).

32.
Matthew Arnold, “Sweetness and Light,” in
“Culture and Anarchy” and Other Writings,
ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 79.

33.
Jennifer Pahlka, “Code American” (Paper presented at the Aspen Ideas Festival, August 2, 2012).

34.
For the Boston app to identify potholes, see
http://codeforamerica.org/2011/02/23/boston-citizens-connected/
.

35.
Tod Machover quoted in Jeremy Eichler, “Sounds of a City: A New Template for Collaboration in Toronto,”
Boston Globe,
January 26, 2013.

36.
Mimi Ito,
Engineering Play: A Cultural History of Children's Software
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009); Tim Wu,
The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires
(New York: Vintage, 2011).

37.
On singularity, see Brian Christian,
The Most Human Human: What Artificial Intelligence Teaches Us about Being Alive
(New York: Anchor Books, 2011); Evan Goldstein, “The Strange Neuroscience of Immortality,”
The Chronicle of Higher Education,
July 20, 2012; and Ray Kurzweil,
The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology
(New York: Penguin, 2006).

38.
Christine Rosen, “The Machine and the Ghost,”
New Republic,
August 2, 2012; Allen Tate,
The Forlorn Demon: Didactic and Critical Essays
(Chicago: Regnery, 1953).

ABC network,
46

action and restriction, paradox of,
24
–25

adolescence,
45
,
53
,
55
,
108

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(Twain),
168

Affect in Play Scale (APS),
129

AIDS,
55

The Aims of Education
(Whitehead),
186

alcohol abuse,
78
,
83

Alone Together
(Turkle),
77
,
100

Amazon (company),
52
,
192
,
195

American Idol
(TV show),
68

An American in Paris
(Gershwin),
190

The Andy Griffith Show
(TV show),
69

anonymity,
63
,
170
,
219
n9

anxiety,
77
–81

app-directed,
42

“App Generation,”
6
–14,
17
,
119
,
153
,
166
; disengagement from digital world,
191
–92; packaged identities of,
66
; psychology of users and,
54

Apple, Inc.,
24
,
25
,
109
,
192

Apple Macintosh (“Mac”),
23
–24

apps (applications),
6
–7,
14
,
52
,
152
–53; app mentality or worldview,
94
,
160
–61,
175
; creative limits of remix culture,
142
–44; designers of,
60
; educational,
179
–80; e-readers,
58
; as filters,
104
; GPS (Global Positioning System),
8
–9; habits and,
24
–25; icons of,
72
,
91
; identity and,
32
,
60
; interfaces of,
61
; intimacy and,
32
–33; pervasiveness of,
160
; as portals to globalized world,
89
;
self-expression and,
61
–62; as shortcuts,
118
.
See also
super-apps

apps, dependence on,
9
–10,
97
,
110
,
119
,
153
,
191
; constraint of means and goals,
161
; dystopian direction of,
194
; education and,
183
; imaginative expression and,
121
; oscillation between enabling and dependence,
32
; religion and,
170
; technological determinism and,
34
; travel apps,
185
–86

apps, enabling qualities of,
110
,
149
–52,
161
,
183
–85; expression of marginalized identities,
90
; oscillation between enabling and dependence,
32
; utopian direction of,
194

Arab Spring,
56

Arnold, Matthew,
187

artistic expression, changes in,
130
–39

ArtRage,
120

ArtStudio,
120

Ashbery, John,
176

Asimov, Isaac,
163

asynchronicity,
63
,
219
n9

automaticity,
20

Bad Girls Club
(TV show),
115

Bauerlein, Mark,
34

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation),
58

Beat Generation (1950s),
13
,
40

behaviorism,
28
–29,
156
,
167
,
180
,
183
,
186

Berlin Wall, fall of,
55

Bermuda study,
12
,
207
–8

Bible, generations and life span in,
35
,
36
–37

Bieber, Justin,
71
,
105
,
124

binge-drinking,
78

blogs,
11
,
52
,
61
,
65
,
206
–7

Bonawitz, Elizabeth,
27
,
31
,
197