The App Generation (26 page)

18.
Caroline Tell, “Let Your Smartphone Deliver the Bad News,”
New York Times,
October 26, 2012.

19.
Turkle,
Alone Together,
154.

20.
Christy Wampole, “How to Live without Irony,”
New York Times,
November 17, 2012,
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/how-to-live-without-irony/
.

21.
Hofer and Moore,
iConnected Parent
.

22.
Amanda L. Williams and Michael J. Merten, “iFamily: Internet and Social Media Technology in the Family Context,”
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal
40 (2011): 150–170.

23.
Barry Wellman et al., “Connected Lives: The Project,” in
Networked Neighbourhoods: The Connected Community in Context,
ed. Patrick Purcell (Berlin: Springer, 2005), 161–216.

24.
Valkenburg and Peter, “Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents”; Valkenburg and Peter, “Online Communication among Adolescents”; Nicole B. Ellison, Charles Steinfield, and Cliff Lampe, “The Benefits of Facebook ‘Friends': Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites,”
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
12 (2007): 1143–1168; Keith N. Hampton, Lauren F. Sessions, and Eun Ja Her, “Core Networks, Social Isolation, and New Media: How Internet and Mobile Phone Use Is Related to Network Size and Diversity,”
Information Communication and Society
14 (2011): 130–155; Hua Wang and Barry Wellman, “Social Connectivity in America: Changes in Adult Friendship Network Size from 2002 to 2007,”
American Behavioral Scientist
53 (2010): 1148–1169; Ito et al.,
Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out;
S. Craig Watkins,
The Young and the Digital: What the Migration to Social Network Sites, Games, and Anytime, Anywhere Media Means for Our Future
(Boston:
Beacon, 2010); Lee Rainie and Barry Wellman,
Networked: The New Social Operating System
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012).

25.
Davis, “Friendship 2.0.”

26.
Susannah Stern, “Producing Sites, Exploring Identities: Youth Online Authorship,” in Buckingham,
Youth, Identity, and Digital Media,
95–117.

27.
Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. O'Brien, and Courtney Hsing, “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students over Time: A Meta-Analysis,”
Personality and Social Psychology Review
15 (2011): 180–198; Ito et al.,
Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out.

28.
Arthur Levine and Diane R. Dean,
Generation on a Tightrope: A Portrait of Today's College Student
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012).

29.
Associated Press–MTV Digital Abuse Survey,
http://surveys.ap.org/data%5CKnowledgeNetworks%5CAP_DigitalAbuseSurvey_ToplineTREND_1st%20story.pdf
.

30.
Amanda Lenhart et al., “Teens, Kindness, and Cruelty on Social Network Sites,”
Pew Internet and American Life Project,
November 9, 2011,
http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Teens-and-social-media.aspx
.

31.
For an in-depth analysis of the role that social media play in bullying among teens, see Emily Bazelon,
Sticks and Stones: Defeating the Culture of Bullying and Rediscovering the Power of Character and Empathy
(New York: Random House, 2013).

32.
Amy O'Leary, “In Virtual Play, Sex Harassment Is All Too Real,”
New York Times,
August 1, 2012.

Though many games and gaming communities appear to encourage aggressive, demeaning behavior toward others, we're encouraged by the emergence of educational games that promote prosocial and ethical behavior. See, e.g., T. Greitemeyer and S. Osswald, “Effects of Prosocial Video Games on Prosocial Behavior,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
98 (2010): 211–221; and Marc A. Sestir and Bruce D. Bartholow, “Violent and Nonviolent Video Games Produce Opposing Effects on Aggressive and Prosocial Outcomes,”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
46 (2010): 934–942.

33.
Caroline Heldman and Lisa Wade, “Hook-Up Culture: Setting a New Research Agenda,”
Sexual Research and Social Policy
7 (2010): 323–333; Donna Freitas,
The End of Sex: How Hookup Culture
Is Leaving a Generation Unhappy, Sexually Unfulfilled, and Confused about Intimacy
(New York: Basic Books, 2013); J. R. Garcia and C. Reiber, “Hook-Up Behavior: A Biopsychosocial Perspective,”
Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology
2 (2008): 49–65; Madeline A. Fugère et al., “Sexual Attitudes and Double Standards: A Literature Review Focusing on Participant Gender and Ethnic Background,”
Sexuality and Culture
12 (2008): 169–182.

34.
Levine and Dean,
Generation on a Tightrope
.

35.
Ajay T. Abraham, Anastasiya Pocheptsova, and Rosellina Ferraro, “The Effect of Mobile Phone Use on Prosocial Behavior,”
http://gfx.svd-cdn.se/multimedia/archive/00830/L_s_hela_studien_om_830163a.pdf
.

36.
Eli Pariser,
The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You
(New York: Penguin, 2011); Markus Prior,
Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Bill Bishop,
The Big Sort
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008); Cass R. Sunstein,
Republic.com
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); Lada Adamic and Natalie Glance, “The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. Election: Divided They Blog” (Paper presented at the proceedings of WWW-2005, Chiba, Japan, May 2005); J. Kelly, D. Fisher, and M. Smith, “Debate, Division, and Diversity: Political Discourse Networks in USENET Newsgroups” (Paper presented at the Second Conference on Online Deliberation: Design, Research, and Practice [DIAC 05], Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, May 2005); Itai Himelboim, Stephen McCreery, and Marc Smith, “Birds of a Feather Tweet Together: Integrating Network and Content Analyses to Examine Cross-Ideology Exposure on Twitter,”
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
18 (2013): 40–60.

37.
For a counterargument, see Farhad Manjoo's essay, “My Technology New Year's Resolutions,”
Slate,
January 4, 2013, in which he argues that Twitter is the “anti-filter bubble”;
http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2013/01/new_
year_s_resolutions_for_technology_in_2013.html
. For counterevidence, see Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro, “Ideological Segregation Online and Offline,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
126 (2011): 1799–1839. And for a mix of confirmatory and counter-evidence, see Sarita Yardi and danah boyd, “Dynamic Debates: An Analysis of Group Polarization
over Time on Twitter,”
Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society
30 (2010): 316–327; Eszter Hargittai, Jason Gallo, and Matthew Kane, “Cross-Ideological Discussions among Conservatives and Liberal Bloggers,”
Public Choice
134 (2008): 67–86; H. Farrell, “The Consequences of the Internet for Politics,”
Annual Review of Political Science
15 (2012): 35–52.

CHAPTER
6.
ACTS
(
AND APPS
)
OF IMAGINATION AMONG TODAY'S YOUTH

1.
Mimi Ito et al.,
Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009); Henry Jenkins,
Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide
(New York: NYU Press, 2006).

2.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, “Implications of a Systems Perspective for the Study of Creativity,” in
Handbook of Creativity,
ed. Robert J. Sternberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 313–335.

3.
Clay Shirky,
Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Creative Age
(New York: Penguin, 2011).

4.
Jenkins,
Convergence Culture.

5.
Jaron Lanier,
You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010); Howard Gardner,
Truth, Beauty, and Goodness Reframed: Educating for the Virtues in the Age of Truthiness and Twitter
(New York: Basic Books, 2011).

6.
Elizabeth Bonawitz et al., “The Double-Edged Sword of Pedagogy: Instruction Limits Spontaneous Exploration and Discovery,”
Cognition
120 (2011): 322–330.

7.
Kyung Hee Kim, “The Creativity Crisis: The Decrease in Creative Thinking Scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking,”
Creativity Research Journal
23 (2011): 285–295.

8.
Kyung Hee Kim, “Meta-Analyses of the Relationship of Creative Achievement to Both IQ and Divergent Thinking Test Scores,”
Journal of Creative Behavior
42 (2008): 106–130; E. Paul Torrance, “Prediction of Adult Creative Achievement among High School Seniors,”
Gifted Child Quarterly
13 (1969): 223–229; E. Paul Torrance, “Predictive Validity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking,”
Journal of Creative Behavior
6 (1972): 236–252; Hiroyuki Yamada and Alice Yu-Wen Tam,
“Prediction Study of Adult Creative Achievement: Torrance's Longitudinal Study of Creativity Revisited,”
Journal of Creative Behavior
30 (1996): 144–149.

9.
Kim, “Creativity Crisis”; Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, “The Creativity Crisis,”
Newsweek,
July 10, 2010,
http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/07/10/the-creativity-crisis.html
; Tom Ashbrook, “U.S. Creativity in Question,” On-Point with Tom Ashbrook, WBUR, July 20, 2010,
http://onpoint.wbur.org/2010/07/20/u-s-creativity-in-question
.

10.
Sandra W. Russ and Jessica A. Dillon, “Changes in Children's Pretend Play over Two Decades,”
Creativity Research Journal
23 (2011): 330–338.

11.
On pretend play, see Edward P. Fisher, “The Impact of Play on Development: A Meta-Analysis,”
Play and Culture
5 (1992): 159–181; on divergent thinking, see Beth A. Hennessey and Teresa M. Amabile, “Creativity,”
Annual Review of Psychology
61 (2010): 569–598; Howard B. Parkhurst, “Confusion, Lack of Consensus, and the Definition of Creativity as a Construct,”
Journal of Creative Behavior
33 (1999): 1–21; Joy P. Guilford,
The Nature of Human Intelligence
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967).

12.
Sandra W. Russ and Ethan D. Schafer, “Affect in Fantasy Play, Emotion in Memories, and Divergent Thinking,”
Creativity Research Journal
18 (2006): 347–354.

13.
On remix culture, see Ito et al.,
Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out;
Jenkins,
Convergence Culture;
and Shirky,
Cognitive Surplus
.

14.
Lanier,
You Are Not a Gadget,
20.

15.
Betsy Sparrow, Jenny Liu, and Daniel M. Wegner, “Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips,”
Science
333 (2011): 776–778.

16.
Patricia Greenfield and Jessica Beagles-Roos, “Radio vs. Television: Their Cognitive Impact on Children of Different Socioeconomic and Ethnic Groups,”
Journal of Communication
38 (1988): 71–92.

17.
Patti M. Valkenburg and Tom H. A. van der Voort, “Influence of TV on Daydreaming and Creative Imagination: A Review of Research,”
Psychological Bulletin
116 (1994): 316–339.

18.
Shirley Brice Heath, personal communication with author, June 3, 2011.

19.
Eric Hoover, “Boston College Sees a Sharp Drop in Applications after Adding an Essay,”
Boston Globe,
January 16, 2013.

20.
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,
Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1997).

21.
Brenda Patoine, “Brain Development in a Hyper-Tech World,” Dana Foundation, August 2008,
http://www.dana.org/media/detail.aspx?id=13126
.

22.
Karin Foerde, Barbara J. Knowlton, and Russell A. Poldrack, “Modulation of Competing Memory Systems by Distraction,”
PNAS
103 (2006): 11778–11783.

23.
Sophie Ellwood, Gerry Pallier, Allan Snyder, and Jason Gallate, “The Incubation Effect: Hatching a Solution?”
Creativity Research Journal
21 (2009): 6–14.

24.
Flora Beeftink, Wendelien van Eerde, and Christel G. Rutte, “The Effect of Interruptions and Breaks on Insight and Impasses: Do You Need a Break Right Now?”
Creativity Research Journal
20 (2008): 358–364.

25.
Brewster Ghiselin,
The Creative Process: A Symposium
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952).

26.
Ito et al.,
Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out;
Jacob W. Getzels and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,
The Creative Vision: A Longitudinal Study of Problem Finding in Art
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976).

27.
William Poundstone,
Are You Smart Enough to Work at Google? Trick Questions, Zen-Like Riddles, Insanely Difficult Puzzles and Other Devious Interviewing Techniques You Need to Know to Get a Job Anywhere in the New Economy
(New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown, 2012).

28.
Seymour Papert,
Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas
(New York: Basic Books, 1980); Mitchel Resnick and Brian Silverman, “Some Reflections on Designing Construction Kits for Kids,” in
IDC '05: Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Interaction Design and Children
(New York: ACM, 2005), 117–122.