The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Isreal and the Origin of Sacred Texts (61 page)

Gomorrah, city of,
28

Gordon, C.H.,
36
,
322

Goshen,
66
–67

Gottwald, Norman K.,
104
,
336
–37

Greek mercenaries,
350
–51

Guy, P.L.O.,
137

Hadar, Tel,
64

Hagar,
29
,
41

Haggai (prophet),
297

Halpern, Baruch,
121
,
241
,
247
,
250
,
273
,
291

Haran, city of,
28
,
31
,
42
–43,
313

Haseva fort,
268
,
349
,
351
–52

Hatti, kingdom of,
86
,
87

Hattusha, city of,
85
,
86

Hattusilis III, king of Hittites,
85

Hazael, king of Aram-Damascus,
19
,
184

Elijah’s anointing of,
173

invasion of Israel,
129
,
174
–75
,
177
–78
,
197
,
200
,
201
–5

threat to Jerusalem,
233

Hazor, city of,
29
,
93
,
207

destruction of

by Egyptians,
89
,
90

by Israelites,
76
,
332
–33

excavations of,
137

by Yadin,
80
–81
,
137
,
184
,
187
–88
,
203

gate at,
139

Omride dynasty and,
184
–85
,
187
–88
,
189

site plan,
179

Tiglath-pileser’s assault on,
216

Hebrew Bible,
5
–6
,
317

archaeological battle over,
v

defined,
5
–6

historical core of,
2

historical reliability of,
14
–21
,
318

as model for other struggling communities,
317
–18

as national and social compact,
316
–18

origins of,
1
–2

as story of Israel,
8
–10

traditional divisions of (books),
6
–7

Hebrews, enslavement of,
49
–51

Hebron, city of,
154
,
229
,
354

tombs of patriarchs in,
44
n,
312

Hecataeus of Abdera,
315
–16

Hellenistic culture and religion,
316

Herod, king of Judea,
316

Herodotus (historian),
282
,
350

Hesban, Tel,
64

Heshbon, city of,
64
,
82

Hezekiah, king of Judah,
222
,
234
,
270
,
271
–73
,
280

rebellion against Assyria,
251
–64
,
271

aftermath of,
264
–67

biblical perspective on,
263
–64

disastrous results of,
259
–63

preparations for,
255
–59

religious reforms of,
249
–50

High places,
234
,
241
–42
,
265
,
276

Josiah’s destruction of,
278

Hilkiah (high priest),
13
,
277

Hiram, king of Tyre,
127
,
140

Hittites,
85

Hoffman, Yair,
311

“Horse lists,”
211
,
212

Hosea (prophet),
212
–13
,
280

Hoshea, king of Israel,
199
,
217
,
219
,
222
–223

“House of David” inscription,
19
,
129
,
201

Hurrians (people),
322
–23

Hyksos,
54
–56
,
58
,
69

Ibni-Addu, king of Hazor,
81

Idolatry,
121
,
249
.
See also
High places

Bethel altars,
44
,
279

Josiah’s battle against,
277
–80

of Judah,
234

Idumea,
312

Intermediate Bronze Age (Middle Bronze I),
320
–21

Isaac,
8
,
27
,
29
–30
,
31
,
35
,
43

Isaiah (prophet),
253
,
263

Isaiah, Second,
298

Ishmael (son of Abraham),
29
,
41

Ishmael (son of Nethaniah),
297

Israel, ancient.
See also
Northern kingdom (Israel); Southern kingdom (Judah)

anthropology of,
21
–22

covenant with YHWH,
9

earliest extrabiblical mention of,
57

Hebrew Bible as story of,
8
–10

state formation in,
22

united monarchy of,
152
.
See also
Golden age of Israel

breakup of,
149
–51
,
163
–64

versions of later history of,
13
–14

“Israel,” uses of term,
3
n

Israelites, origins of,
57
,
97
–122
,
329
–39

archaeological evidence on,
105
–7

book of Joshua on,
97
–98
,
101

book of Judges on,
99
–101
,
120
–22

Canaanite cultural collapse and,
118

common assumptions about,
333
–35

culinary and dietary customs and,
119
–20

Egyptian records on,
102
–3

ethnicity and,
119
–20

highland surveys frontier life and,
107
–10

settlement sites and,
111
–13

settlement waves,
113
–18

as immigrants from the desert,
101
–3

inheritance of Promised Land and,
97
–101

as pastoral nomads,
112
–13
,
117
–18

peaceful infiltration theory of,
102
,
329
–33,
335

critique of,
103
–4

peasant revolt theory of,
104
–5
,
333
–39

archaeological context of,
333
–35

unified conquest theory of,
332
,
335

uniqueness of,
97
–98
,
118
–20
.
See also
Patriarchal age

Issachar,
98

Izbet Sartah, site of,
110
,
111

Jabin, king of Hazor,
76
,
81

Jacob (Israel),
27
,
30
–33
,
35
,
40
,
43

as father of twelve tribes,
8
–9

Laban and,
39

Jahaz, town of,
190
–91

Jebel Musa, peak of,
327

Jehoahaz, king of Israel,
197
,
218

Jehoahaz, king of Judah,
292

Jehoash, king of Judah,
198
n,
232
–33
,
236

Jehoiachin, king of Judah,
293
,
294
,
298
,
302
,
303
,
305

Jehoiada the priest,
232
–33

Jehoiakim, king of Judah,
292

Jehoram, king of Israel,
171
,
174
,
175
,
178
,
201
,
222

Jehoram, king of Judah,
232
,
236

Jehu, king of Israel,
173
,
175
,
197
,
201
,
202
,
206
,
218
,
222

Jenmeh, Tell,
37
,
267

Jeremiah, book of,
297

Jeremiah (prophet),
11
,
297
,
298
,
306

Jericho,
73
–75
,
81
–82
,
83

Josianic expansionism into,
93

Jeroboam I, king of Israel,
151
,
164
–66,
168
,
222
,
276

Jeroboam II, king of Israel,
218

death of,
214

Megiddo rebuilding under,
209
,
210
–11

peaceful reign of,
198

prosperity under,
206
,
207
,
212

Jerusalem,
154
,
155

Babylonian conquest of,
293
,
294
–95
,
307

Dtr2 on,
303
–4

post-exilic explanation and rationalization of,
310
–11

David’s conquest of,
230

golden age of Israel and,
132
–34
,
142

in Iron Age,
239
–40

Megiddo compared with,
140

priestly elite in post-exilic,
308
–10

rebuilding of walls of,
301

in seventh century
BCE
,
2
–3

transformation into politico-religious nerve center,
243
–45

Jerusalem, Temple of.
See
Temple of

Jerusalem Jeshua (priest),
299
–300
,
310

Jezebel, Queen of Israel,
169
,
172
–74
,
232

Jezreel,
157
,
186
–87
,
192
,
202
–3

during Omride period,
189

site plan,
179

Solomonic cities and,
342
–43

Joash, king of Israel,
198
,
206
,
209
,
218

Jordan river,
16
,
73

Jordan valley,
16
,
28
,
192

Joseph,
31
–33

in Egypt,
54

story of,
67

Joshua,
35

Joshua, book of

on extent of conquered territory,
99

on Israelite origins,
97
–98
,
101