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Authors: Richard J. Evans

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6
Taylor,
The Course,
69.

7
For the debate on this issue, see in particular Geoff Eley,
From Unification to Nazism: Reinterpreting the German Past
(London, 1986), 254-82; David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley,
The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth -Century Germany
(Oxford, 1984); Evans,
Rethinking German History,
93-122; Richard J. Evans (ed.),
Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany
(London, 1978); Jürgen Kocka, ‘German History Before Hitler: The Debate about the German
Sonderweg’, Journal of Contemporary History,
23 (1988), 3-16; Robert G. Moeller,‘The Kaiserreich Recast? Continuity and Change in Modern German Historiography’,
Journal of Social History,
17 (1984), 655-83.

8
Bismarck has been well served by his biographers. For the best two in narrative form, see Ernst Engelberg,
Bismarck
(2 vols., Berlin, 1985 and 1990) and Otto Pflanze,
Bismarck
(3 vols., Princeton, 1990).

9
Heinrich August Winkler,
Der lange Weg nach Westen,
II:
Deutsche Geschichte vom ‘Dritten Reich’ bis zur Wiedervereinigung
(Munich, 2000), 645-8.

10
Heinrich August Winkler,
The Long Shadow of the Reich: Weighing up German
History (The 2001 Annual Lecture of the German Historical Institute, London; London, 2002). Lothar Kettenacker, ‘Der Mythos vom Reich‘, in Karl H. Bohrer (ed.), Mythos
und Moderne
(Frankfurt am Main, 1983), 262-89.

11
Karl Marx, ‘Randglossen zum Programm der deutschen Arbeiterpartei’ (Kritik des Gothaer Programms, 1875), in Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels,
Ausgewählte Schriften
(2 vols., East Berlin, 1968), II. 11-28, at 25.

12
Otto Büsch,
Militärsystem und Sozialleben im alten Preussen 1713-1807: Die Anfänge der sozialen Militarisierung der preussisch-deutschen Gesellschaft
(Berlin, 1962).

13
Horst Kohl (ed.),
Die politischen Reden
des
Fürsten Bismarck
(14 vols., Stuttgart, 1892-1905), II. 29-30.

14
Lothar Gall,
Bismarck: The White Revolutionary
(2 vols., London, 1986 [1980]), the outstanding analytical study of Bismarck.

15
For the history of conscription, see Ute Frevert,
Die kasernierte Nation: Militärdienst und Zivilgesellschaft
in
Deutschland
(Munich, 2001); German militarism in a wider context is covered by Volker R. Berghahn,
Militarism:
The History of an
International Debate
1861-1979 (Cambridge, 1984 [1981]), idem (ed.),
Militarismus
(Cologne, 1975), Martin Kitchen,
A Military History of Germany from the Eighteenth Century to the Present
Day (London, 1975) and Gordon A. Craig’s
classic The Politics of the Prussian
Army
1640-1945
(New York, 1964 [1955]); unconventional reflections in Geoff Eley, ‘Army, State and Civil Society: Revisiting the Problem of German Militarism’, in idem,
From Unification to Nazism,
85-109.

16
Martin Kitchen,
The German Officer Corps 1890-1914
(Oxford, 1968); Karl Demeter, Das
deutsche
Offizierkorps in
Gesellschaft und Staat
1650-1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 1962). For the permanent threat of a
coup d‘état,
see Volker R. Berghahn,
Germany and the Approach
of
War in
1914 (London, 1973), 13-15.

17
See Richard J. Evans,
Rethinking German History,
248-90; idem,
Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification 1800-1996
(London, 1997), 65-86.

18
Ute Frevert, ‘Bourgeois Honour: Middle-class Duellists in Germany from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century‘, in David Blackbourn and Richard J. Evans (eds.),
The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
(London, 1991), 255-92; eadem,
Ehrenmänner: Das Duell in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft
(Munich, 1991).

19
Eley,
From Unification to Nazism,
85-109; Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte,
III. 873-85.

20
Michael Geyer, ‘Die Geschichte des deutschen Militärs von 1860-1956: Ein Bericht über die Forschungslage (1945-1975)‘, in Hans-Ulrich Wehler (ed.), Die
moderne deutsche Geschichte in der internationalen Forscbung 1945-1975
(Gottingen, 1978), 256-86; Helmut Bley,
Namibia under German Rule
(Hamburg, 1996 [1968]).

21
Gesine Krüger,
Kriegshewältigung und Gescbicbtsbeivusstsein: Realität, Deutung und Verarbeitung des deutschen Kolonialkrieges in Namibia 1904 bis 1907
(Gottingen, 1999); Tilman Dedering, “‘A Certain Rigorous Treatment of all Parts of the Nation”: The Annihilation of the Herero in German Southwest Africa 1904’, in Mark Levene and Penny Roberts (eds.),
The Massacre in History
(New York, 1999), 205-12.

22
David Schoenbaum,
Zabern 1913: Consensus Politics in Imperial Germany
(London, 1982); Nicholas Stargardt,
The German Idea of Militarism 1866-1914
(Cambridge, 1994); Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellscbaftsgeschichte
III. 1125-9.

23
Ulrich von Hassell,
Die Hassell-Tagebiscber 1938-1944
(ed. Friedrich Freiherr Hiller von Gaertringen, Berlin, 1989), 436.

24
Wolfgang J. Mommsen,
Das Ringen um
den
nationalen Staat: Die Gründung und der innere Ausbau des Deutschen Reiches unter Otto von Bismarck 1850- 1890
(Berlin, 1993), 439-40; David Blackbourn,
Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany
(Oxford, 1993).

25
Vernon Lidtke,
The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany, 1878- 1890
(Princeton, 1966); Evans,
Rituals, 351-72.

26
Among many accounts of the Social Democrats’ evolution, see Susanne Miller and Heinrich Potthoff,
A History of German Social Democracy: From 1848 to the Present
(Leamington Spa, 1986 [1983]), a useful introductory text from the point of view of the present-day German Social Democrats; Detlef Lehnert,
Sozialdemokratie zwischen Protestbewegung und Regierungspartei
1848-1983 (Frankfurt am Main, 1983), a good brief account; and Stefan Berger,
Social Democracy and the Working Class in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Germany
(London, 2.000), a more recent survey.

27
Alex Hall,
Scandal, Sensation and Social Democracy: The SPD Press and Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914
(Cambridge, 1977); Klaus Saul, ‘Der Staat und die “Mächte des Umsturzes”: Ein Beitrag zu den Methoden antisozialistischer Repression und Agitation vom Scheitern des Sozialistengesetzes bis zur Jahrhundertwende’,
Archiv für Sozialgeschichte,
12 (1972), 293-350; Alex Hall, ‘By Other Means: The Legal Struggle against the SPD in Wilhelmine Germany 1890- 1900’,
Historical Journal,
17 (1974), 365-86,

28
A convenient brief summary can be found in Gerhard A. Ritter,
Die deutschen Parteien 1830-1914: Parteien und Gesellschaft im konstitutionellen Regierungssystem
(Gottingen, 1985); the classic article on the subject is by M. Rainer Lepsius, ‘Parteisystem und Sozialstruktur: Zum Problem der Demokratisierung der deutschen Gesellschaft‘, in Gerhard A. Ritter (ed.), Die
deutschen Parteien vor 1918
(Cologne, 1973), 56-80.

29
Gerhard A. Ritter,
Wahigeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch: Materialien zur Statistik des Kaiserreichs 1871-1918
(Munich, 1980), 42.

30
Stanley Suval,
Electoral Politics in Wilhelmine Germany
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1985); Margaret L. Anderson,
Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany
(Princeton, 2000).

31
Kurt Koszyk,
Deutsche Presse im 19. Jahrhundert: Geschichte der deutschen
Presse, II (Berlin, 1966).

32
Richard J. Evans (ed.),
Kneipengespräche im Kaiserreich: Die Stimmungsberichte der Hamburger Politischen Polizei 1892-1914
(Reinbek, 1989).

33
Brief introductory survey in Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte,
III. 961-5; more detail in William W. Hagen,
Germans, Poles, and Jews: The Nationality Conflict in the Prussian East,
1772-1914 (Chicago, 1980).

34
Evans (ed.),
Kneipengespräche,
361-83.

35
Volker R. Berghahn,
Der Tirpitz-Plan: Genesis und Verfall einer innenpolitischen Krisenstrategie unter Wilhelm II.
(Düsseldorf, 1971).

36
For a recent, judicious assessment of the Kaiser’s personality and influence, see Christopher Clark,
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(London, 2000).

37
Geoffrey Hosking,
Russia: People and Empire 1552-1917
(London, 1997).

38
George L. Mosse,
The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich
(New York, 1975).

39
Alan Milward and Samuel B. Saul,
The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe 1850-1914
(London, 1977), 19-20.

40
See, in general, Hubert Kiesewetter,
Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland 1815-1914
(Frankfurt am Main, 1989).

41
Volker Ullrich,
Die nervöse Grossmacht 1871- 1918
:
Aufstieg und Untergang des deutscben Kaiserreichs
(Frankfurt am Main, 1997); Joachim Radkau,
Das Zeitalter der Nervosität: Deutschland zwischen Bismarck und Hitler
(Munich, 1998).

42
August Nitschke
et al. (eds.),Jahrhundertwende: Der Aufbruch in die Moderne 1880-1930
(2 vols., Reinbek, 1990).

43
For these arguments, see Blackbourn and Eley,
The Peculiarities.

44
Peter Pulzer,
The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria
(New York, 1964), 112- 13; Rosemarie Leuschen-Seppel,
Sozialdemokratie und Antisemitismus im Kaiserreich: Die Auseinandersetzung der Partei mit den konservativen und volkischen Strömungen des Antisemitismus 1871-1914
(Bonn, 1978), 140-42; Richard S. Levy,
The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany
(New Haven, 1975). See also the pioneering work of Paul W. Massing,
Rehearsal for Destruction
(New York, 1949).

45
I adopt here Marion Kaplan’s useful distinction between
assimilation,
involving a complete loss of cultural identity, and
acculturation,
involving the creation of a dual identity of one kind or another in a multicultural milieu: see Marion A. Kaplan, ‘The Acculturation, Assimilation, and Integration of Jews in Imperial Germany‘,
Year Book of the Leo Baeck Institute,
27 (1982), 3-35.

46
Till van
Rahden,Juden und andere Breslauer: Die Beziehungen zwischen Juden, Protestanten und Katholiken
in
einer deutschen Grossstadt
von
1860
bis
1925
(Göttingen, 2000), 147-9; Peter J.G. Pulzer, Jews and the
German State: The Political History of a Minority, 1848-1933
(Oxford, 1992), 6-7; Shulamit Volkov,
Die Juden in Deutschland 1780-1918
(Munich, 1994); Usiel O. Schmelz, ‘Die demographische Entwicklung der Juden in Deutschland von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts‘bis 1933’,
Bulletin des Leo Baeck Instituts,
83 (1989), 15-62, at 39-41; Jacob Toury,
Soziale und politische Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland 1847-1871: Zwischen Revolution, Reaktion und Emanzipation
(Düsseldorf, 1977), 60; Monika Richarz,
Jüdisches Leben in Deutschland,
II:
Selbstzeugnisse zur Sozialgeschichte im Kaiserreich
(Stuttgart, 1979), 16-17; Anthony Kauders,
German Politics and the Jews: Düsseldorf and Nuremberg 1910-1933
(Oxford, 1996), 26; Kerstin Meiring,
Die christlich-judische Mischehe in Deutschland, 1840-1933
(Hamburg, 1998).

47
Pulzer,
Jews,
106-20.

48
Dietz Bering,
The Stigma of Names: Antisemitism in German Daily Life, 1812-1933
(Cambridge, 1992. [1987]).

49
Pulzer,
Jews,
5, II.

50
Niall Ferguson,
The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild
(London, 1998); Fritz Stern,
Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder and the Building of the German Empire
(New York, 1977).

BOOK: The Coming of the Third Reich
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