The Coming of the Third Reich (82 page)

91
Andrew G. Whiteside, The Socialism of Fools:
Georg von Schönerer and
Austrian
Pan-Germanism
(Berkeley, 1975), esp. 73.

92
John W. Boyer,
Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, 1848-189
7 (Chicago, 1981).

93
Pulzer,
The Rise,
207.

94
Brigitte Hamann,
Hitler’s Vienna: A Dictator’s Apprenticeship
(Oxford, 2000), 236-53, provides a comprehensive survey of Schönerer and other Viennese ideologues of the day.

95
Carlile A. Macartney,
The Habsburg Empire
1790-1918 (London, 1968), 632-5, 653-7, 666, 680, 799; Pulzer,
The Rise,
149-60, 170-74, 206-9; Carl E. Schorske,
Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture
(New York, 1980), 116-180; Massing,
Rehearsal,
241; Hellmuth von Gerlach,
Von rechts nach links
(Hildesheim, 1978 [1937]), 112-14; Andrew G. Whiteside,
Austrian National Socialism before 1918
(The Hague, 1962.).

96
Woodruff D. Smith,
The German Colonial Empire
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1978); Fritz Ferdinand Müller,
Deutschland-Zanzibar-Ostafrika: Geschichte einer deutschen Kolonialeroberung
1884-1890 (Berlin, 1990 [1959]).

97
Gerhard Weidenfeller, VDA:
Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland: Allgemeiner Deutscher Schulverein
(
1881-1918). Ein
Beitrag
zur Geschichte des deutschen Nationalismus und Imperialismus im Kaiserreich
(Berne, 1976).

98
Geoff Eley,
Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Change after Bismarck
(London, 1980), 366; Roger Chickering, We
Men
Who
Feel Most German: A Cultural Study of the Pan-German League 1886-1914
(London, 1984), 24-73; Wilhelm Deist,
Flottenpolitik und Flottenpropaganda: Das Nachrichtenbüro des Reichsmarineamts
1897-1914 (Stuttgart, 1976); Richard Owen, ‘Military-Industrial Relations: Krupp and the Imperial Navy Office’, in Evans (ed.),
Society and Politics,
71-89; Marilyn Shevin Coetzee, The
German Army League: Popular Nationalism in Wilhelmine Germany
(New York, 1990); Richard W. Tims,
Germanizing Prussian Poland: The H-K-T Society and the Struggle for the Eastern Marches in the German Empire 1894-1919
(New York, 1941); Adam Galos et
al., Die Hakatisten: Der Deutsche Ostmarkenverein 1894-1934
(Berlin, 1966).

99
Chickering,
We Men,
128, 268-71; Coetzee,
The German Army League,
19-23; Ute Planert,
Antifeminismus
im
Kaiserreich: Diskurs, soziale Formation und politische Mentalität
(Göttingen, 1998), 118-76.

100
Chickering,
We Men,
102-21.

101
Ibid., 284-6; Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
III. 1071-81; extracts in English translation in Roderick Stackelberg and Sally A. Winkle (eds.),
The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts
(London, 2002), 20-26.

102
Chickering,
We Men,
74-97, 284-6.

103
Ibid., 122-32; also Klaus Bergmann,
Agrarromantik und Grossstadtfeindschaft
(Meisenheim, 1970).

104
Chickering,
We Men,
253-91; Eley,
Reshaping,
316-34; Dirk Stegmann, Die
Erben Bismarcks: Parteien und Verbände in der Spätphase des Wilhelminischen Deutschlands: Sammlungspolitik
1897-1914 (Cologne, 1970), 352-48; Fritz Fischer,
War
of
Illusions: German Politics from
1911 to 1914 (London, 1975 [1969]).

105
Iris Hamel,
Völkischer Verband und nationale Gewerkschaft: Der Deutschnationale Handlungsgehilfenverband, 1893-1933
(Frankfurt am Main, 1967); Planert,
Antifeminismus,
71-9.

106
Extracts from the memorandum, and the Kaiser’s response, can be found in Röhl,
From Bismarck to Hitler,
49-52, and Stackelberg and Winkle (eds.),
The Nazi Germany Sourcebook,
29-30.

107
Hartmut Pogge-von Strandmann, ‘Staatsstreichpläne, Alldeutsche und Bethmann Hollweg’, in idem and Imanuel Geiss,
Die Erforderlichkeit des Unmöglichen: Deutschland am Vorabend des ersten Weltkrieges
(Frankfurt am Main, 1965), 7-45; the texts of the replies by Bethmann and the Kaiser are printed on pages 32-9; the Kaiser’s relations with Chamberlain are documented in Röhl,
From Bismarck to Hitler,
41-8.

108
For an excellent discussion of contemporary views on the likely length of the war, see Hew Strachan,
The First World War, I: To Arms
(Oxford, 2001), 1005-14.

109
Martin Kitchen,
The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916-1918
(London, 1976). The best recent general survey is Roger Chickering,
Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914-1918
(Cambridge, 1998).

110
Among a huge literature, Figes, A
People’s Tragedy
stands out as the best recent survey.

111
Robert Service,
Lenin:
A
Political Life
(3 vols., London, 1985-95) is the standard biography; Lenin’s attempts to stimulate a revolution in Germany are best approached through the activities of the Soviet emissary Karl Radek; see Marie-Luise Goldbach,
Karl Radek und die deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen 1918-1923
(Bonn,
1973
and Warren Lerner,
Karl Radek: The Last International
ist (Stanford, Calif., 1970).

112
Heinrich August Winkler,
Von der Revolution zur Stabilisierung: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1918
bis
1924
(Bonn, 1984), esp. 114-34, and 468-552.

113
Arno J. Mayer,
Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles 1918-1919
(2nd edn., New York, 1969 [1967]) for the general context; Oszkár Jászi,
Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Hungary
(London, 1924), for a contemporary account of events.

114
Berliner Tageblatt,
‘I August 1918, cited in David Welch,
Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914-1918: The Sins of Omission
(London, 2000), 241. See also Aribert Reimann,
Der grosse Krieg der Sprachen: Untersuchungen zur historischen Semantik in Deutschland und England zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkriegs
(Essen, 2000).

115
For the best recent brief account, see Chickering,
Imperial Germany,
178-91.

116
Welch,
Germany,
241-2; Wilhelm Deist, ‘Censorship and Propaganda in Germany during the First World War‘, in Jean-Jacques Becker and Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau (eds.),
Les Sociétés européennes et la guerre de 1914-1918
(Paris, 1990), 199-210; Alice Goldfarb Marquis, ’Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War‘,
Journal of Contemporary History,
13 (1978), 467-98.

117
Fritz Fischer,
Germany’s Aims in the First World War
(London, 1967 [1961]),
passim.

118
Bullitt Lowry,
Armistice 1918
(Kent, Ohio, 1996); Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds.),
At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing of the Great War, 1918
(Barnsley,
1998).

119
Stenographischer Bericht über die öffentlichen Verhandlungen des 15. Untersucbungsausschusses
der
verfassungsgebenden Nationalversammlung,
II (Berlin, 1920), 700-701 (18 November 1919). See also Erich Ludendorff,
Kriegfuhrung und Politik
(Berlin, 1922), and Paul von Hindenburg,
Aus meinem Leben
(Leipzig, 1920), 403; more generally, Friedrich Freiherr Hiller von Gaertringen, ‘“Dolchstoss-Diskussion” und “Dolchstosslegende” im Wandel von vier Jahrzehnten‘, in Waldemar Besson and Friedrich Freiherr Hiller von Gaertringen (eds.),
Geschichtsund Gegenwartsbewusstsein
(Göttingen, 1963), 122-60. Also, more recently, Jeffrey Verhey,
The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany
(Cambridge, 2000), 219-23, and Chickering,
Imperial Germany,
189-91.

120
William II,
My Memoirs 1878-1918
(London, 1922), 282-3. More generally, see Wilhelm Deist, ‘The Military Collapse of the German Empire: The Reality Behind the Stab-in-the-Back Myth‘,
War in History,
3
(1996),
186-207.

121
Friedrich Ebert,
Schriften, Aufzeichnungen, Reden
(2 vols., Dresden, 1936), II. 127; Ebert went on to blame the defeat on ‘the preponderance of the enemy in men and material’ (127).

122
Gerhard A. Ritter and.Susanne Miller (eds.),
Die deutsche Revolution 1918- 1919 - Dokumente
(Frankfurt am Main, 1968), is an excellent selection of documents; Francis L. Carsten,
Revolution in Central Europe 1918-1919
(London, 1972) is a good narrative.

123
From a large literature, see Harold Temperley. (ed.),
A History of the Peace Conference of Paris
(6 vols., London, 1920-24), and Manfred F. Boemeke et
al.
(eds.),
The Treaty of Versailles:
A
Reassessment after
75
Years
(Washington, DC, 1998), a collection of scholarly papers issued on the eightieth anniversary of the end of the war.

124
Mayer,
Politics and Diplomacy.

125
Arthur S. Link (ed.),
The Papers of Woodrow Wilson
(69 vols., Princeton, 1984), XL. 534-9; more generally, Lloyd E. Ambrosius,
Wilsonian Statecraft: Theory and Practice of Liberal Internationalism during World War I
(Wilmington, Del., 1991), Thomas J. Knock,
To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order
(New York, 1992), and Arthur Walworth,
Wilson and his Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919
(New York, 1986).

126
Winkler,
Von der Revolution,
94-5; Carsten,
Revolution,
271-98.

127
John Horne and Alan Kramer,
German Atrocities 1914: A History of Denial
(London, 2001),345-5 5, 446- 50; Gerd Hankel,
Die Leipziger Prozesse: Deutsche Kriegsverbrechen und ihre strafrechtliche Verfolgung nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg
(Hamburg, 2003).

128
Bruce Kent,
The Spoils of War: The Politics, Economics and Diplomacy of Reparations 1918-1932
(Oxford, 1989).

129
Alan Sharp,
The Versailles Settlement: Peacekeeping in Paris, 1919
(London, 1991).

130
Fischer,
Germany’s Aims, passim.

131
For a good defence of the treaties, see Macmillan,
Peacemakers.

132
Abel Testimony (hereinafter AT) 114, in Peter H. Merkl,
Political Violence under the Swastika: 581 Early Nazis
(Princeton, 1975), 191.

133
AT 334, ibid., 192-3.

134
AT 248, ibid., 194-5.

135
See the classic, and still standard, study by Fischer,
Germany’s Aims.

136
Eley,
Reshaping, 333,
339-42; Dirk Stegmann, ‘Zwischen Repression und Manipulation: Konservative Machteliten und Arbeiter- und Angestelltenbewegung 1910-1918: Ein Beitrag zur Vorgeschichte der DAP/NSDAP’,
Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte,
12 (1972), 351-432.

137
Heinz Hagenlücke,
Die deutsche Vaterlandspartei:
Die
nationale Rechte am Ende des Kaiserreiches
(Düsseldorf, 1997); Verhey,
The Spirit of
1914, 178-85; Mosse,
The Crisis,
218-26.

138
Ernst Jünger,
In Stahlgewittern: Aus dem Tagebuch eines Stosstruppführers
(Hanover, 1920). For a new English edition, see idem,
Storm of Steel
(London, 2003).

139
Richard Bessel,
Germany after the First World War
(Oxford, 1993), 256-61.

140
Theodore Abel,
Why Hitler Came to Power
(Cambridge, Mass., 1986 [1938]), 21, quoting
Frankfurter Zeitung,
27 November 1918.