The Coming of the Third Reich (81 page)

51
Robert Gellately,
The Politics of Economic Despair: Shopkeepers and German Politics, 1890-1914
(London, 1974), 42-3;
Richarz, Jüdisches Leben,
II. 17,23-35.

52
Ibid., 31-4.

53
Peter Pulzer, ‘Jews and Nation-Building in Germany 1815-1918’,
Year Book of the Leo Baeck Institute,
41 (1996), 199-214.

54
See, in particular, Werner E. Mosse,
Jews in. the German Economy: The German-Jewish Economic Élite 1820-1935
(Oxford, 1987), and idem,
The German-Jewish Economic Élite 1820-1935: A Socio-Cultural Profile
(Oxford, 1989), not only fine works of scholarship but also nostalgic celebrations of the achievements of the social group into which Mosse himself was born.

55
Pulzer,
The Rise,
94-101, 113; Shulamit Volkov,
Jüdisches Leben und Antisemitismus im
19.
und 20. Jahrhundert
(Munich, 1990).

56
For Böckel and the antisemitic movement more generally, see David Peal, ‘Antisemitism by Other Means? The Rural Cooperative Movement in Late 19th Century Germany’, in Herbert A. Strauss (ed.),
Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870-1933/39: Germany - Great Britain - France
(Berlin, 1993), 128-49; James N. Retallack,
Notables of the Right: The Conservative Party and Political Mobilization in Germany, 1876-1918
(London, 1988), esp. 91-9; Hans-Jürgen Puhle,
Agrarische Interessenpolitik und preussischer Konservatismus im wilhelminischen Reich
1893-1914:
Ein Beitrag zur Analyse des Nationalismus in Deutschland am Beispiel
des
Bundes
der
Landwirte und der Deutscb-Konservativen Partei
(Hanover, 1967) esp. 111-40.

57
Pulzer,
The Rise,
53-5, 116; Wehler, Deutsche
Gesellschaftsgeschichte,
III. 924-34; Thomas Nipperdey,
Deutsche Geschichte 1866-1918,
II:
Machtstaat vor der Demokratie
(Munich, 1992), 289-311.

58
Jacob Katz,
From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700-1933
(Cambridge, Mass. 1980), is a classic general survey. For Catholic antisemitism in Germany, see Olaf Blaschke,
Katholizismus und Antisemitismus im Deutschen Kaiserreich
(Gottingen, 1997); Helmut Walser Smith, ‘The Learned and the Popular Discourse of Anti-Semitism in the Catholic Milieu in the Kaiserreich’,
Central European History,
27 (1994), 315-28. Werner Jochmann,
Gesellschaftskrise und Judenfeindschaft in Deutschland 1870-1945
(Hamburg, 1988), has a good introductory chapter, 30-98. James F. Harris,
The People Speak! Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Bavaria
(Ann Arbor, 1994), dismisses socio-economic factors too easily; the history of antisemitism cannot be reduced to the otherwise unexplained influence of a free-floating discourse.

59
Wilhelm Marr,
Vom jüdischen Kriegsschauplatz: Eine Streitschrift
(Berne, 1879), 19, cited in Pulzer, The Rise, 50; see also Marr’s pamphlet Der Sieg des
judenthums über das Germanenthum
vom
nicht konfessionelien Standpunkt aus betrachtet
(Berlin, 1873).

60
Moshe Zimmermann,
Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism
(New York, 1986), 89, 150-51, 154; Daniela Kasischke-Wurm,
Antisemitismus im Spiegel der Hamburger Presse während
des
Kaiserreichs (1884-1914)
(Hamburg, 1997) 240-46.

61
Ibid., 77.

62
Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte,
III. 925-9.

63
Evans (ed.),
Kneipengespräche,
317.

64
Ibid., 313-21.

65
Leuschen-Seppel,
Sozialdemokratie,
esp. 36, 96, 100, 153, 171; Evans (ed.),
Kneipengesprdche,
302-6, 318-19. These points, made in response to the sweeping claims of Daniel J. Goldhagen,
Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust
(New York, 1996), can be followed at greater length in Evans,
Rereading,
119-44.

66
Stefan Scheil,
Die Entwicklung
des
politischen Antisemitismus in Deutschland zwischen
1881
und 1912: Eine wahlgeschichtliche Untersuchung
(Berlin, 1999).

67
See in particular Harris,
The People Speak!,
and Helmut Walser Smith,
The Butcher’s Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town
(New York, 2002) (which has excellent detail, but exaggerates the significance of a ‘ritual murder’ accusation in an obscure small town in the Prussian far east). See also Christoph Nonn,
Eine Stadt sucht einen Mörder: Gerücht, Gewalt und Antisemitismus im Kaiserreich
(Göttingen, 2002). For hostile press reactions to an earlier ritual murder accusation, see Kasischke-Wurm,
Antisemitismus,
175-82.

68
Evidence in David Kertzer,
Unholy War: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism
(London, 2001), though the author’s claims for the significance of this material are too sweeping. For social and cultural studies of Catholic antisemitism in Germany, which leave no doubt about its pervasiveness, see Blaschke,
Katholizismus und Antisemitismus;
Michael Langer,
Zwischen Vorurteil und Aggression: Zum Judenbild in der deutschspraehigen katholischen Volksbildung des
19.
Jahrhunderts
(Freiburg, 1994); Walter Zwi Bacharach,
Anti-Jewish Prejudices in German-Catholic Sermons
(Lewiston, Pa., 1993); David Blackbourn, ‘Roman Catholics, the Centre Party and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany’, in Paul Kennedy and Anthony Nicholls (eds.),
Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914
(London, 1981), 106-29; and, for the international comparative dimension, Olaf Blaschke and Aram Mattioli (eds.),
Katholischer Antisemitismus
im 19.
Jahrhundert: Ursachen und Traditionen im internationalen Vergleich
(Zurich, 2000). For peasant protest and antisemitism in the Catholic community, see Ian Farr, ‘Populism in the Countryside: The Peasant Leagues in Bavaria in the 1890s’, in Evans (ed.),
Society and Politics,
136-59.

69
See, for example, Norbert Kampe,
Studenten und ‘Judenfrage’ im deutschen Kaiserreich: Die Entstehung einer akademischen Trägerschicht des Antisemitismus
(Göttingen, 1988).

70
Stephen Wilson,
Ideology and Experience: Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair
(New York, 1982 [1980]); John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza (eds.)
Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History
(Cambridge, 1992.).

71
David Blackbourn,
Populists and Patricians: Essays in Modern German History
(London, 1987), 217-45 (‘The Politics of Demagogy in Imperial Germany’).

72
Julius Langbehn,
Rembrandt als Erzieher
(38th edn., Leipzig, 1891 [1890]), 292; idem,
Der Rembrandtdeutsche: Von einem Wahrheitsfreund
(Dresden, 1892), 184, both quoted in Pulzer,
The Rise,
242; see also Fritz Stern,
The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the German Ideology
(New York, 1961).

73
Lessing’s play, first published in 1779, was a plea for religious toleration, especially of the Jews. For the quote, see Cosima Wagner,
Die Tagebücher
(ed. Martin Gregor-Dellin and Dietrich Mack, Munich, 1977), II. 852 (18 Dec. 1881); also 159, 309; Jacob Katz,
The Darker Side of Genius: Richard Wagner’s AntiSemitism
(Hanover, 1986), is a sane guide through this controversial subject.

74
George L. Mosse,
The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich
(London, 1964), 88-107; Annette Hein,
‘Es ist viel “Hitler” in Wagner’: Rassismus undantisemitische Deutschtumsideologie in den ‘Bayreuther Blättern’ (1878-1938)
(Tübingen, 1996).

75
Winfried Schüler,
Der Bayreuther Kreis von seiner Entstehung bis zum Ausgang
der
wilhelminischen Ära
(Münster, 1971); Andrea Mork,
Richard Wagner
als
politischer Schriftsteller: Weltanschauung und Wirkungsgeschichte
(Frankfurt am Main, 1990); Houston Stewart Chamberlain,
Die Grundlagen des XIX. Jahrhunderts
(2 vols., Munich, 1899); Geoffrey G. Field,
Evangelist
of
Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain
(New York, 1981).

76
Ludwig Woltmann,
Politische Anthropologie
(ed. Otto Reche, Leipzig, 1936 [1900]), 16-17, 267, quoted in Mosse,
The Crisis,
100-102.

77
Woodruff D. Smith,
The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism
(New York, 1986), 83-111; also Karl Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum” in Hitlers
Mein Kampf’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
(hereinafter
VfZ)
13 (1965), 42.6-37.

78
Paul Crook,
Darwinism, War and History: The Debate Over the Biology of War from the ‘Origin of Species’ to the First World War
(Cambridge, 1994), esp. 30, 83; Imanuel Geiss (ed.),
July
1914:
The Outbreak of the First World War. Selected Documents
(London, 1967), 22; Holger Afflerbach,
Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich
(Munich, 1994); see Evans,
Rereading,
119-44, for a general consideration of the history and historiography of German Social Darwinism.

79
See, in general, Paul Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism
1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989), and Peter Weingart
et al., Rasse, Blut und Gene: Geschichte
der
Eugenik und Rassenhygiene in Deutschland
(Frankfurt am Main, 1992- [1988]).

80
Sheila F. Weiss,
Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer
(Berkeley, 1987); Evans,
Rituals,
438; Roger Chickering,
Imperial Germany and a World Without War: The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892-1914
(Princeton, 1975), 125-9.

81
The pioneering article by Jeremy Noakes, ‘Nazism and Eugenics: The Background to the Nazi Sterilization Law of 14 July 1933’, in Roger Bullen
et al.
(eds.),
Ideas into Politics: Aspects of European History 1880-1950
(London, 1984), 75-94, is still an indispensable guide to these various thinkers.

82
Karl Heinz Roth, ‘Schein-Alternativen im Gesundheitswesen: Alfred Grotjahn (1869-1931) - Integrationsfigur etablierter Sozialmedizin und nationalsozialistischer “Rassenhygiene” ’, in Karl Heinz Roth (ed.),
Erfassung zur Vernichtung: Von der Sozialhygiene zum ‘Gesetz über Sterbehilfe’
(Berlin, 1984), 31-56; more generally, Sheila Weiss, ‘The Race Hygiene Movement in Germany‘, in Mark B. Adams (ed.), The
Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and
Russia (New York, 1990), 8-68.

83
His actual name was Adolf Lanz, but he called himself Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels for effect. Hans-Walter Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene, Nationalsozialismus, Euthanasie: Von der Verhütung zur Vernichtung ‘lebensunwerten Lebens‘,
1890-1945 (Göttingen, 1987); Wilfried Daim,
Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab: Die sektiererischen Grundlagen des Nationalsozialismus
(Vienna, 1985 [1958]).

84
Weiss, ’The Race Hygiene Movement‘, 9-11.

85
Max Weber, ‘Der Nationalstaat und die Volkswirtschaftpolitik’, in idem,
Gesammelte politische Schriften
(ed. J. Winckelmann, 3rd edn., Tübingen, 1971), 23.

86
Richard Hinton Thomas,
Nietzsche in German Politics and Society 1890-1918
(Manchester, 1983), esp. 80-95. For a recent attempt to assess Nietzsche’s work in this general context, see Bernhard H. F. Taureck,
Nietzsche und der Faschismus: Ein Politikum
(Leipzig, 2000).

87
Steven E. Aschheim,
The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany
1890-1990 (Berkeley, 1992).

88
Mosse, The Crisis, 204-7; Walter Laqueur,
Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement
(London, 1962); Jürgen Reulecke,
‘Ich möchte einer werden
so
wie die...’ Männerbünde im 20. Jahrhundert
(Frankfurt am Main, 2001); Daim,
Der Mann,
71-2.

89
Alastair Thompson,
Left Liberals, the State, and Popular Politics in Wilhelmine Germany
(Oxford, 2000).

90
Stefan Breuer,
Ordnungen der. Ungleichheit-
die
deutsche Rechte
im
Widerstreit ihrer Ideen 1871-1945
(Darmstadt, 2001), provides a thematic survey, emphasizing (370-76) the failure of an effective synthesis before the arrival of Nazism.