The Coming of the Third Reich (85 page)

82
Kent,
The Spoils of War,
245-8.

83
Feldman,
The Great Disorder,
741-7.

84
Ibid., 778-93.

85
Ibid., 754-835.

86
Derek H. Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street 1919-1929
(London, 1977),
125-55.

87
Feldman,
The Great Disorder,
854-88.

88
Klemperer,
Leben sammeln,
I. 761 (4 December 1923), 763 (20 December 1923).

89
Nikolaus Wachsmann,
Hitler’s Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany
(forthcoming, 2004), chapter 2.

90
Michael Grüttner, ‘Working-Class Crime and the Labour Movement: Pilfering in the Hamburg Docks, 1888-1923’, in Richard J. Evans (ed.),
The German Working
Class
1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life
(London, 1982), 54-79.

91
Hans Ostwald,
Sittengeschichte der Inflation: Ein Kulturdokument aus den Jahren des Marksturzes
(Berlin, 1931), esp. 30-31.

92
Martin Geyer,
Verkehrte Welt: Revolution, Inflation, und Moderne. München 1914-1924
(Göttingen, 1998),
passim.

93
Bernd Widdig,
Culture and Inflation in Weimar Germany
(Berkeley, 2001), 113-33.

94
Geyer,
Verkehrte
Welt, 243-318; more generally, the various studies in Gerald D. Feldman (ed.), Die
Nachwirkungen der Inflation auf die deutsche Geschichte 1924-1933
(Munich, 1985).

95
For a fascinating study of one such clash, see Charles Medalen, ‘State Monopoly Capitalism in Germany: The Hibernia Affair‘,
Past and Present,
78 (February 1978), 82-112.

96
Henry Ashby Turner, Jr.,
German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler
(New York, 1985), 3-18; Gerald D. Feldman,
Army, Industry and Labor in Germany, 1914-1918
(Princeton, 1966); idem, ‘The Origins of the Stinnes-Legien Agreement: A Documentation‘,
Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung,
19/20 (1973), 45-104.

97
For a summary of the debate on the nature and extent of business investment during the inflation, see Harold James,
The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924-1936
(Oxford, 1986), 125-30.

98
Peter Hayes,
Industry and Ideology: I.G. Farben in the Nazi Era
(Cambridge, 1987), 16-17; Gerald D. Feldman,
Hugo Stinnes: Biographie eines Industriellen 1870-1924
(Munich, 1998).

99
Mary Nolan,
Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany
(New York, 1994).

100
Peukert,
The Weimar Republic,
112-17.

101
Robert Brady,
The Rationalization Movement in Germany: A Study in the Evolution of Economic Planning
(Berkeley, 1933); James,
The German Slump,
146-61.

102
Feldman,
The Great Disorder,
343-44; Harold James, ‘Economic Reasons for the Collapse of the Weimar Republic‘, in Ian Kershaw (ed.),
Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail?
(London, 1990), 30-57, at 33-4; see also Dieter Hertz-Eichenröde,
Wirtschaftskrise und Arbeitsbeschaffung: Konjunkturpolitik 1925l26 und die Grundlagen
der
Krisenpolitik Brünings
(Frankfurt am Main, 1982); Fritz Blaich, Die
Wirtschaftskrise 1925/26 und die Reichsregierung: Von der Erwerbslosenfürsorge
zur
Konjunkturpolitik
(Kallmünz, 1977); and Klaus-Dieter Krohn,
Stabilisierung und ökonomische Interessen: Die Finanzpolitik des deutschen Reiches 1923-1927
(Düsseldorf, 1974).

103
Bernd Weisbrod,
Schwerindustie in der Weimarer Republik: Interessenpolitik zwischen Stabtlisierung und Krise
(Wuppertal, 1978), 415-56;James,
The German Slump,
162-223.

104
Richard Bessel, ‘Why did the Weimar Republic Collapse?’, in Kershaw (ed.),
Weimar,
120-52, at 136; Bernd Weisbrod, The Crisis of German Unemployment Insurance in 1928/29 and its Political Repercussions’, in Wolfgang J. Mommsen (ed.),
The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850-1950
(London, 1981), 188-204; Richard J. Evans, ‘Introduction: The Experience of Mass Unemployment in the Weimar Republic’ in Richard J. Evans and Dick Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unemployment from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich
(London, 1987), 1-22, at 5-6; Merith Niehuss, ‘From Welfare Provision to Social Insurance: The Unemployed in Augsburg 1918-27’, in Evans and Geary (eds.),
The German Unemployed,
44-72.

105
Turner,
German Big Business,
19-46; Weisbrod,
Schwerindustrie;
see also the brief sketch by J. Adam Tooze, ‘Big Business and the Continuities of German History, 1900-1945’, in Panikos Panayi (ed.),
Weimar and Nazi Germany: Continuities and Discontinuities
(London, 2001), 173-98.

106
For the Barmat scandal, see Bernhard Fulda, ‘Press and Politics in Berlin, 1924-1930’ (Cambridge Ph.D. dissertation, 2003), 63-71, 87-117.

107
Dick Geary, ‘Employers, Workers, and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic‘, in Kershaw (ed.),
Weimar,
92-119.

108
Karl Rohe,
Wahlen und Wählertraditionen in Deutschland
(Frankfurt am Main, 1992), 124.

109
Falter,
Hitlers Wähler,
327-8; Kurt Koszyk,
Deutsche Presse
1914-1945:
Geschichte der deutschen Presse,
III (Berlin, 1972).

110
Babette Gross,
Willi Münzenberg: Eine politische Biographie
(Stuttgart, 1967).

111
Erich Schairer, ‘Alfred Hugenberg’,
Mit anderen Augen: Jahrbuch der deutschen Sonntagszeitung
(1929), 18-21, cited and translated in Kaes
et al.
(eds.),
The Weimar Republic Sourcebook,
72-4; Dankwart Guratzsch,
Macht durch Organisation: Die Grundlegung des Hugenbergschen Presseimperiums
(Düsseldorf, 1974), 192-3, 244, 248.

112
Fulda, ‘Press and Politics’, table I.

113
Modris Eksteins,
The Limits of Reason: The German Democratic Press and the Collapse of Weimar Democracy
(Oxford, 1975), 129-30, 249-50-

114
Fulda, ‘Press and Politics’, table I, and chapter I more generally.

115
Falter,
Hitlers Wähler,
325-39.

116
Oswald Spengler, Der
Untergang des Aberedlandes: Umrisse einer Morphologie der Weltgeschichte,
I:
Gestalt und Wirklichkeit
(Vienna, 1918), 73-5.

117
Arthur Moeller van den Bruck,
Das Dritte Reich
(3rd edn., Hamburg, 1931 [Berlin, 1923]), esp. 300, 320; Gary D. Stark,
Entrepreneurs of Ideology:
Neo-
Conservative Publishers in Germany,
1890-1933 (Chapel Hill, NC 1981); Agnes Stansfield, ‘Das Dritte Reich: A Contribution to the Study of the “Third Kingdom” in German Literature from Herder to Hegel‘,
Modern Language Review,
34(1934), 156-72. Moeller van den Bruck originally called his conservative-revolutionary utopia ‘the Third Way’; see Mosse,
The Crisis,
281.

118
Edgar Jung, ‘Deutschland und die konservative Revolution‘, in
Deutsche über Deutschland
(Munich, 1932), 369-82, excerpted and translated in Kaes
et al.,
(eds.),
The Weimar Republic Sourcebook,
352-4.

119
Jünger, In
Stahlgewittern;
see also Nikolaus Wachsmann, ‘Marching under the Swastika? Ernst Jünger and National Socialism, 1918-33’,
Journal of Contemporary History,
33 (1998), 573-89.

120
Theweleit,
Male Fantasies.

121
The classic study of these, and other, similar strands of thought is by Kurt Sontheimer,
Antidemokratisches Denken in der Weimarer Republik
(Munich, 1978 [1962]).

122
James M. Ritchie,
German Literature under National Socialism
(London, 1983), 10-11;see also Peter Zimmermann, ‘Literatur im Dritten Reich’, in Jan Berg
et al.
(eds.),
Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur von 1918 bis zur Gegenwart
(Frankfurt am Main, 1981), 361-416; and in particular Jost Hermand and Frank Trommler,
Die Kultur der Weimarer Republik
(Munich, 1978), 128-92. 123. For a good general overview, see Nitschke et
al.
(eds.),
Jahrhundertwende;
on ‘moral panics’ in the Wilhelmine period, see Richard J. Evans,
Tales from the German Underworld: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth Century
(London, 1998), 166-212; Gary Stark, ‘Pornography, Society and the Law in Imperial Germany‘,
Central European
History, 14 (1981), 200-20; Bram Dijkstra, Idols of
Perversity: Fantasies of Female Evil in Fin-de-Siècle Culture
(New York, 1986); Robin Lenman, ‘Art, Society and the Law in Wilhelmine Germany: The Lex Heinze‘,
Oxford German Studies,
8 (1973), 86-113; Matthew Jefferies,
Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871-1918
(London, 2003); on Weimar culture, Peukert,
The Weimar Republic,
164-77. 124. Hermand and Trommler,
Die Kultur,
193-260. 125. Karen Koehler, ‘The
Bauhaus,
1919-1928: Gropius in Exile and the Museum of Modern Art, N. Y., 1938’, in Richard A. Etlin (ed.),
Art, Culture and Media under the Third Reich
(Chicago, 2002), 287-315, at 288-92; Barbara Miller Lane,
Architecture and Politics in Germany, 1918-1945
(Cambridge, Mass., 1968), 70-78; Shearer West,
The Visual Arts in Germany
1890-1936:
Utopia and Despair
(Manchester, 2000), 143-55; Hans Wingler,
The Bauhaus - Weimar, Dessau, Berlin, Chicago 1919-1944
(Cambridge, Mass., 1978); Frank Whitford,
The Bauhaus
(London, 1984). 126. Gerald D. Feldman, ‘Right-Wing Politics and the Film Industry: Emil Georg Strauss, Alfred Hugenberg, and the UFA, 1917-1933’, in Christian Jansen
et al.
(eds.),
Von der Aufgabe der Freiheit: Politische Verantwortung und bürgerliche Gesellschaft im
19.
und 20. Jahrhundert: Festschrift für Hans Mommsen zum 5. November
1995 (Berlin, 1995), 219-30; Siegfried Kracauer,
From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film
(Princeton, 1947), 214-16. 127. Andrew Kelly,
Filming All Quiet on the Western Front - ‘Brutal Cutting, Stupid Censors, Bigoted Politicos’
(London, 1998), reprinted in paperback as
All Quiet on the Western Front: The Story of a Film
(London, 2002). More generally, on Weimar culture, see the classic essay by Peter Gay,
Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider
(London, 1969). Walter Laqueur,
Weimar: A Cultural,History
1918-1933 (London, 1974), is good on the conservative majority as well as the avant-garde minority; see also Hermand and Trommler,
Die Kultur,
350-437, on the visual arts. 128. Erik Levi,
Music in the Third Reich
(London, 1994), T-13; Hermand and Trommler,
Die Kultur, 279-350.
129. Michael H. Kater,
Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany
(New York, 1992.), 3-28; Peter Jelavich,
Berlin Cabaret
(Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 202.

130
Peukert,
The Weimar Republic,
178-90.

131
AT 43, in Merkl,
Political Violence,
173.

132
Abrams,
Workers’ Culture,
esp. chapter 7.

133
Richard J. Evans,
The Feminist Movement in Germany 1894-1933
(London, 1976), 122, 141; Rudolph Binion,
Frau Lou: Nietzsche’s Wayward Disciple
(Princeton, 1968), 447.

134
James D. Steakley,
The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany
(New York, 1975); John C. Fout, ‘Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Male Gender Crisis, Moral Purity, and Homophobia‘,
Journal of the History of Sexuality,
2 (1992), 388-421.

135
See the pioneering article by Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, ‘Beyond
Kinder, Küche, Kirche:
Weimar Women in Politics and Work‘, in Renate Bridenthal
et al.
(eds.),
When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany
(New York, 1984),33-65.