The Design of Everyday Things (58 page)

Airplane accidents,
164–166
,
172
,
178–179
,
186–187
,
188–189
,
314

Air-traffic control instructions, pilots remembering,
105–107

Alarm clocks, mode-error slips and,
178

Alert, sound signifier as,
160

“'Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,”
86

Altair 8800 computer,
274

Amazon.com
,
264

Andon
,
192

Annoyance of sounds,
156
,
160

Anti-lock brakes, rule-based mistake in using,
182

Apple,
121
,
233
,
250
,
270
,
272
,
289

Apple QuickTake camera,
272

Arithmetic, mental,
103–104

Automation,
185
,
213–214
,
248–316

Automobiles

    
activity-centered design of,
231–232

    
application of constraints to,
202

    
auditory and haptic modalities for warning systems,
95

    
door handles,
133–134

    
failure of first American,
274
,
279–280

    
incremental innovation in,
279–280

    
interlocks and,
142

    
limited life span of,
292

    
seat adjustment control,
22

    
standardization and,
248

    
starting,
141–142

    
technology and changes in,
267–268

    
See also
Driving

Aviation

    
deliberate violation example,
211

    
interruptions and errors in,
200

    
NASA's safety reporting system,
193–194

    
use of checklists in,
189–190
,
191

    
See also
Airplane

Baby locks,
144

Battery design,
125–127

Baum, L. Frank,
227

Beeps,
156

Be-goals,
233

Behavior

    
constraints forcing desired,
141–145

    
data-driven,
43

    
event-driven,
42
,
43

    
goal-driven,
42–43
,
44

    
knowledge-based,
179
,
180

    
knowledge in the head and in the world and,
75–85

    
rule-based,
179
,
180

    
skill-based,
179
,
180
,
206–207

    
technology accommodating,
68–71

Behavioral level of processing,
51–53

    
design and,
54
,
55

    
emotional responses and,
56

    
relation to visceral and reflective stages,
54–55

    
stages of action and,
55–56

Bell, Alexander Graham,
270

Benz, Karl,
279

Benz & Cie,
279

Bezos, Jeff,
264

Big data,
224–225

Biometric devices,
128

Blame, for error,
162
,
163

    
falsely blaming self,
61
,
65–71
,
167

    
misplaced,
61–62

Boats, control of,
21–22

Bookmarks,
16

Books,
see
e-books

Brainstorming,
226

British Design Council,
220

British Psychological Society,
150

Brynjolfsson, Erik,
286–287

Budgets, product development,
237
,
240

Business strategy, lock-ins as,
143–144

Cabinet doors, lack of signifiers on,
134

Calendar program, using variety of formats,
70–71

Cameras

    
digital,
272
,
274

    
merger with cell phones,
265

Cane, design of,
245

Capture slips,
174
,
208

Carelman, Jacques,
2

Carpal tunnel syndrome,
278

Carver, Charles,
233

Catalogue d'objets introuvables
(Carelman),
2

Causal elements, reflective level of processing and,
53

Causes of events

    
causal relations,
59–65

    
need to form explanations and,
57–59

Cell phones,
34
,
200
,
265
,
280
.
See also
Telephone

Celsius scale, conversion between Fahrenheit scale and,
101–102

Change, technology as cause of,
264–268
,
282
,
284–285

Checklists,
189–191

Chess-playing machine,
286–287

Child safety caps,
144

Chord keyboards,
279

Cisco,
273

Clocks,
249
,
250

Clothing industry, yearly changes in fashion,
292

“Coffeepot for Masochists,”
2

Cognition and emotion,
49–55

    
conscious,
48
,
49
,
51–52
,
53
,
100–101

    
distributed,
287–288

    
integration of,
47
,
48–55

    
behavioral level,
50
,
51–55

    
design and levels of,
53–55

    
reflective level,
50
,
53–55

    
stages of action and levels of processing,
55–56

    
subconscious,
44–49
,
51–52
,
173
,
206–207

    
technology and enhanced human,
285–288

    
visceral level,
50–51
,
53–55

Coins

    
confusion created by new design of,
79–82

    
types of knowledge and use of,
74–75
,
77
,
79–80

Communication

    
conceptual models and,
31–32

    
design and,
8–9
,
73

    
technological change and,
283

Companies, conservatism of large,
269

Competition-driven design,
259–264

Complexity,
4–8

    
complicated
vs
.,
247

    
using conceptual model to tame,
247–248

Conceptual models,
10
,
25–37
,
40
,
72
,
94
,
96
,
98
,
121
,
204
,
298

    
communication and,
31–32

    
as story,
57–59

    
and Gulfs of Evaluation and Execution,
39
,
40

    
mental models,
26
,
31

    
providing meaning via,
99–100

    
to tame complexity,
247–248

    
for thermostat,
57–59
,
68–69

Confirmation messages,
203–205

Conscious cognition,
48
,
49
,
51–52
,
53
,
100–101

    
knowledge-based behavior and,
184

    
mistakes and,
173

    
subconscious
vs
.,
40
,
42
,
44–56
,
67
,
310

Constraints,
10
,
73

    
applied to everyday objects,
132–141

    
to bridge Gulf of Execution,
40

    
cultural (
see
Cultural constraints
)

    
on design process,
240–247

    
desired behavior and,
76
,
141–145

    
knowledge in the world and,
123
,
124–125

    
logical,
124–125
,
130

    
memory and,
82–85

    
minimizing chance of inappropriate actions using,
67
,
202–203

    
physical (
see
Physical constraints
)

    
semantic,
124–125
,
129–130

    
signifiers and,
132–135

Consumer economy,
291–293

Controls

    
activity-centered,
140–141

    
device-centered,
140

    
incorporating safety or security in,
256

    
mapping and design of,
21

    
segregating,
203

    
See also
Switches

Conventions, cultural.
See
Cultural conventions

Cooperative problem-solving,
185

Cost

    
as design constraint,
6
,
219
,
230
,
240
,
241
,
242
,
245
,
260
,
294

    
feedback design and,
23–25
,
68

Countersteering,
102–103

Creativity,
49
,
64

Creeping featurism,
258
,
261–264

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly,
55–56

Cultural constraints,
124–125
,
128–129

    
on assembly of mechanical device,
85

    
behavior and,
76

cultural conventions and,
130–132
,
146

    
standardization as,
248

Cultural conventions

    
behavior and,
76

    
as cultural constraints,
130–132
,
146