The Incredible Human Journey (62 page)

11.
Oppenheimer, S.
Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World
, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

Tracking Down the Last Neanderthals: Gibraltar

1.
Barton, R. N. E., Currant, A. P., Fernandez-Jalvo, Y.,
et al
. Gibraltar Neanderthals and results of recent excavations in Gorham’s, Vanguard and Ibex Caves.
Antiquity
73: 13–23 (1999).

2.
Finlayson, C.
Neanderthals and Modern Humans. An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective
. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2004).

3.
Finlayson, C., Fa, D. A., Espejo, F. J.,
et al
. Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar – the persistence of a Neanderthal population.
Quaternary International
181: 64–71 (2008).

4.
Finlayson, G., Finlayson, C., Pacheco, F. G.,
et al
. Caves as archives of ecological and climatic changes in the Pleistocene – the case of Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar.
Quaternary International
181: 55–63 (2008).

5.
Stringer, C. Modern human origins: progress and prospects.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
357: 563–79 (2002).

6.
Hublin, J-J., Spoor, F., Braun, M.,
et al.
A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts.
Nature
381: 224–6 (1996).

7.
Gilligan, I. Neanderthal extinction and modern human behaviour: the role of climate change and clothing.
World Archaeology
39: 499–514 (2007).

A Cultural Revolution: Dolní Vìstonice, Czech Republic

1.
Svoboda, J. A. The archaeological framework. In: Trinkaus, E., & Svoboda, J. (eds),
Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 6–8 (2006).

2.
Straus, L. G. The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe: an overview.
Evolutionary Anthropology
4: 4–16 (2005).

3.
Hoffecker, J. F. Innovation and technological knowledge in the Upper Palaeolithic of Northern Eurasia.
Evolutionary Anthropology
14: 186–98 (2005).

4.
Vandiver, P. B., Soffer, O., Klima, B., & Svoboda, J. The origins of ceramic technology at Dolní Vìstonice, Czechoslovakia.
Science
246: 1002–8 (1989).

5.
Stevens, personal correspondence. When I discussed the Dolní Vìstonice pottery fragments with my husband, field archaeologistDave Stevens, he remarked that he had seen broken fragments of clay pipes that had been reused in kiln furniture, such asmuffles, in post-medieval kilns, and that this was a well-known phenomenon.

6.
Formicola, V., Pontrandolfi, A., & Svoboda, J. The Upper Paleolithic triple burial of Dolní Vìstonice: pathology and funerarybehaviour.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
115: 372–9 (2001).

7.
Alt, K. W., Pichler, S., Vach, W.,
et al
. Twenty-five-thousand-year-old triple burial from Dolní Vìstonice: an Ice Age family?
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
102: 123–31 (1997).

8.
Svoboda, J. A. The archaeological context of the human remains. In: Trinkaus, E., & Svoboda, J. (eds),
Early Modern Human Evolution in Central Europe
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 6–8 (2006).

9.
Pettitt, P. B., & Bader, N. O. Direct AMS radiocarbon dates for the Sunghir mid Upper Palaeolithic burials.
Antiquity
74: 269–70 (2000).

10.
Vandiver, P. B., Soffer, O., Klima, B., & Svoboda, J. The origins of ceramic technology at Dolní Vìstonice, Czechoslovakia.
Science
246: 1002–8 (1989).

11.
Forster, P. Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
359: 255–64 (2004).

12.
Metspalu, E., Kivisild, T., Kaldma, K.,
et al
. The trans-Caucasus and the expansion of the Caucasoid-specific human mitochondrial DNA. In Papiha, S. S.,
et al
. (eds),
Genomic Diversity. Applications in Human Population Genetics
, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 121–34 (1999).

13.
Oppenheimer, S.
Out of Eden. The Peopling of theWorld
, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

Sheltering from the Cold: Abri Castanet, France

1.
Straus, L. G. The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe: an overview.
Evolutionary Anthropology
4–16 (1995).

2.
Blades, B. Aurignacian settlement patterns in the Vézère Valley.
Current Anthropology
40: 712–35 (1999).

3.
White, R. Systems of personal ornamentation in the Early Upper Palaeolithic: methodological challenges and new observations. In: Mellars, P., Boyle, K., Bar-Yosef, O., & Stringer C. (eds),
Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp. 287–302 (2007).

4.
White, R. Beyond art: toward an understanding of the origins of material representation in Europe.
Annual Reviews of Anthropology
21: 537–64 (1992).

5.
Mellars. Cognition and climate: why is Upper Palaeolithic cave art almost confined to the Franco-Cantabrian region? InRenfrew, C., & Morley, I. (eds),
Becoming Human. Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, chapter 14 (2009).

6.
Straus, L. G. South-western Europe at the Last Glacial Maximum.
Current Anthropology
32: 189–99 (1991).

7.
Straus, L. G. The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe: an overview.
Evolutionary Anthropology
4: 4–16 (2005).

Visiting the Painted Caves: Lascaux, Pech Merle and Cougnac, France

1.
Pettitt, P., & Bahn, P. Current problems in dating Palaeolithic cave art: Candamo and Chauvet.
Antiquity
77: 134–41 (2003).

2.
Straus, L. G. The Upper Palaeolithic of Europe: an overview.
Evolutionary Anthropology
4: 4–16 (1995).

3.
Straus, L. G. South-western Europe at the Last Glacial Maximum.
Current Anthropology
32: 189–99 (1991).

4.
Barton, M., Clark, G. A., & Cohen, A. E. Art as information: Explaining Upper Palaeolithic art in Western Europe.
World Archaeology
26: 185–207 (1994).

5.
Lamason, R. L., Mohideen, M.-A. P. K., Mest, J. R.,
et al
. SLC24A5, a putative cation exchanger, affects pigmentation in zebrafish and humans.
Science
310: 1782–6 (2005).

6.
Frost, P. European hair and eye color. A case of frequency-dependent sexual selection?
Evolution and Human Behaviour
27: 85–103 (2006).

7.
Gamble, C., Davies, W., Pettitt, P., & Richards, M. Climate change and evolving human diversity in Europe during the LastGlacial.
Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
359: 243–54 (2004).

8.
Pereira, L., Richards, M., Goios, A.,
et al
. High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium.
Genome Research
15: 19–24 (2005).

9.
Torroni, A., Bandelt, H.-J., Macaulay, V.,
et al
. A signal, from human MtDNA, of postglacial recolonisation in Europe.
American Journal of Human Genetics
69: 844–52 (2001).

10.
Underhill, P. A., Passarino, G., Lin, A. A.,
et al
. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations.
Annals of Human Genetics
65: 43–62 (2001).

New Age Mesopotamia: Göbekli Tepe, Turkey

1.
Mithen, S.
After the Ice. A Global Human History
, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (2003).

2.
Peters, J., & Schmidt, K. Animals in the symbolic world of pre-pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: apreliminary assessment.
Anthropozoologica
39: 179–218 (2004).

3.
Byrd, B. F. Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East.
Journal of Archaeological Research
13: 231–90 (2005).

4.
Bar-Yosef, O. The Upper Paleolithic revolution.
Annual Reviews in Anthropology
31: 363–93 (2002).

5.
Lev-Yardun, S., Gopher, A., & Abbo, S. The cradle of agriculture.
Science
288: 1602–3 (2000).

6.
Larsen, C. S. Biological changes in human populations with agriculture.
Annual Reviews in Anthropology
24: 185–213 (1995).

7.
Papathanasiou, A. Health status of the Neolithic population of Alepotrypa Cave, Greece.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
126: 377–90 (2005).

8.
Armelagos, G. J., Goodman, A. H., & Jacobs, K. H. The origins of agriculture: population growth during a period of declining health.
Population and Environment
13: 9–22 (1991).

9.
Pena-Chocarro, L., Zapata, L., Iriarte, M. J.,
et al
. The oldest agriculture in northern Atlantic Spain: new evidence from El Miron Cave (Ramales de la Victoria, Cantabria).
Journal of Archaeological Science
32: 579–87 (2005).

10.
Balter, M. Ancient DNA yields clues to the puzzle of European origins.
Science
310: 964–5 (2005).

11.
Underhill, P. A., Passarino, G., Lin, A. A.,
et al
. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations.
Annals of Human Genetics
65: 43–62 (2001).

12.
Richards, M., Macaulay, V., Hickey, E.,
et al
. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool.
American Journal of Human Genetics
67: 1251–76 (2000).

13.
Haak, W., Forster, P., Bramanti, B.,
et al
. Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old Neolithic sites.
Science
310: 1016–18 (2005).

5. The New World: Finding the First Americans

Bridging the Continents: Beringia

1.
Taylor, R. E., Haynes, C. V. Jr & Stuiver, M. Clovis and Folsom age estimates:stratigraphic context and radiocarbon calibration.
Antiquity
70: 515–25 (1996).

2.
Morlan, R. E. Current perspectives on the Pleistocene archaeology of eastern Beringia.
Quaternary Research
60: 123–32 (2003).

3.
Zazula, G. D., Schweger, C. E., Beaudoin, A. B., & McCourt, G. H. Macrofossil and pollen evidence for full-glacial steppewithin an ecological mosaic along the Bluefish River, eastern Beringia.
Quaternary International
142–3: 2–19 (2006).

4.
Goebel, T. The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas.
Science
319: 1497–502 (2008).

Mapping Native American Genes: Calgary, Canada

1.
Fiedel, S. J. Quacks in the Ice. Waterfowl, Paleoindians, and the discovery of America. In: Walker, R. B., & Driskell,B.N. (eds),
Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America
, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London (2007).

2.
Vines, G. Genes in black and white.
New Scientist
, 8 July (1995).

3.
Starikovskaya, E. B., Sukernik, R. I., Derbeneva, O. A.,
et al
. Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native Americanhaplogroups.
Annals of Human Genetics
69: 67–89 (2003).

4.
Zegura, S. L., Karafet, T. M., Zhivotovsky, L. A., & Hammer, M. F. High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes pointto a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas.
Molecular Biology and Evolution
21: 164–75 (2004).

5.
Fagundes, N. J. R., Kanitz, R., Eckert, R.,
et al
. Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas.
American Journal of Human Genetics
82: 583–92 (2008).

6.
Wang, S., Lewis, C. M. Jr, Jakobsson, M.,
et al.
Genetic variation and population structure in Native Americans.
PLoS Genetics
3: 2049–67 (2007).

7.
Oppenheimer, S.
Out of Eden. The Peopling of the World
, Constable & Robinson, London (2003).

8.
Goebel, T. The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas.
Science
319: 1497–502 (2008).

9.
Shang, H., Tong, H., Zhang, S.,
et al
. An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104: 6573–8 (2007).

10.
Kitchen, A., Miyamoto, M. M., & Mulligan, C. J. A three-stage colonization model for the peopling of the Americas.
PLoS One
3: e1596 (2008).

Exploring the Coastal Corridor: Vancouver, Canada

1.
Hume, S. Tracking Simon Fraser’s route.
Vancouver Sun
(2007).

2.
Lacourse, T., Mathewes, R. W., & Fedje, D. W. Late-glacial vegetation dynamics of the Queen Charlotte Islands and adjacentcontinental shelf, British Columbia, Canada.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
226: 36–57 (2005).

3.
Ramsey, C. L., Griffiths, P. A., Fedje, D. W.,
et al.
Preliminary investigation of a late Wisconsinian fauna from K1 cave, Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), Canada.
Quaternary Research
62: 105–9 (2004).

4.
Leonard, J. A., Wayne, R. K., & Cooper, A. Population genetics of Ice Age brown bears.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
97: 1651–4 (2000).

5.
Erlandson, J. M., Graham, M. H., Bourque, B. J.,
et al
. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas.
The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
2: 161–74 (2007).