The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (78 page)

31.
See here the elegant and insightful remarks of Massimo Petta, ‘Wild Nature and Religious Readings of Events: Natural Disaster in Milanese Printed Reports (16th–17th Century)’, in Bo-Jan Borstner et al. (eds),
Historicizing Religion: Critical Approaches to Contemporary Concerns
(Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press, 2010), pp. 199–231.

32.
Ahasver Fritsch,
Discursus de Novellarum, quas vocant Neue Zeitungen, hodierno usu et abusu
(1676); Otto Groth,
Die Geschichte der Deutschen Zeitungswissenschaft
(Munich: Weinmayer, 1948), p. 15. Extracts from the various participants in the German newspaper debate are collected in Elger Blühm and Rolf Engelsing (eds),
Die Zeitung. Deutsche Urteile und Dokumente von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart
(Bremen: Schünemann, 1967).

33.
Johann Ludwig Hartman,
Unzeitige Neue Zeitungs-sucht
(Rotenburg: Lipß, 1679).

34.
Daniel Hartnack,
Erachten von Einrichtung der Alten Teutsch und Neuen Europäischen Historien
(Hamburg: Zelle, 1688).

35.
Kaspar Stieler,
Zeitungs Lust und Nutz
(Hamburg: Schiller, 1695), quoted Groth,
Geschichte
, p. 19.

36.
This follows the excellent discussion of Stieler in Jeremy Popkin, ‘New Perspectives on the Early Modern European Press’, in Joop W. Koopmans,
News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800)
(Louvain: Peeters, 2005), pp. 127, here p. 10.

37.
The consequences of an active political culture (and a vigorous press) are explored with great insight in Mark Knights,
Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

38.
William B. Ewald,
The Newsmen of Queen Anne
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), pp. 14–15.

39.
Tatler
, no. 178, quoted Ewald,
Newsmen
, p. 15.

40.
The Spectator
, no. 452, quoted Ewald,
Newsmen
, p. 15.

41.
Johannes Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe’,
German History
, 24 (2006), p. 393.

42.
Daily Courant
, 11 March 1702, quoted Ewald,
Newsmen
, p. 14.

43.
Brendan Dooley,
The Social History of Skepticism: Experience and Doubt in Early Modern Culture
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 129.

44.
Stieler,
Zeitungs Lust und Nutz
, quoted Popkin, ‘New Perspectives’, p. 11.

45.
Ward,
The Invention of Journalism Ethics
, p. 124.

46.
Below, Chapter 16.

47.
C. John Sommerville,
The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 132–3.

Chapter 13 The Age of the Journal

1.
John Brewer and Roy Porter,
Consumption and the World of Goods
(London: Routledge, 1993).

2.
David A. Kronick,
A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals
(Methuen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1976).

3.
Margery Purver,
The Royal Society: Concept and Creation
(Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 1967); Steven Shapin,
A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

4.
David A. Kronick, ‘Notes on the Printing History of the Early
Philosophical Transactions
’, in his
’Devant le deluge’ and Other Essays on Early Modern Scientific Communication
(Oxford: Scarecrow, 2004), pp. 153–79, here p. 164.

5.
Below, Chapter 18.

6.
Jack R. Censer,
The French Press in the Age of Enlightenment
(London: Routledge, 1994).

7.
James Sutherland,
The Restoration Newspaper and its Development
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), Chapter 3: ‘Country News’.

8.
Gilbert D. McEwen,
The Oracle of the Coffee House: John Dunton's Athenian Mercury
(San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1972); Helen Berry,
Gender, Society and Print Culture in Late Stuart England: The Cultural World of the ‘Athenian Mercury‘
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003); C. John Sommerville,
The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 103–9.

9.
McEwen,
Oracle
, pp. 113–40.

10.
From the
Athenian Mercury
of respectively 9 June, 18 April and 14 April 1691; Sommerville,
News Revolution
, pp. 106–7.

11.
Robert J. Allen,
The Clubs of Augustan London
(Hamden, CT: Archon, 1967), pp. 189–229.

12.
Monique Vincent,
Mercure galant. Extraordinaire affaires du temps. Table analytique
(Paris: Champion, 1998); Jean Sgard, ‘La multiplication des périodiques’, in
Histoire de l'édition française. II: Le livre triomphant, 1660–1830
(Paris: Promodis, 1984), pp. 198–205.

13.
Richmond P. Bond,
Tatler: The Making of a Literary Journal
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972). For this and what follows, Alvin Sullivan (ed.),
British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and the Age of Johnson, 1698–1788
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983), provides excellent profiles and bibliography.

14.
Charles A. Knight,
A Political Biography of Richard Steele
(London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009).

15.
On advertising see also below, Chapter 14.

16.
Erin Mackie (ed.),
The Commerce of Everyday Life: Selections from the Tatler and the Spectator
(Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998).

17.
Tatler
, 6 April 1710; Mackie,
Commerce of Everyday Life
, pp. 58–9.

18.
Sullivan,
British Literary Magazines
, pp. 113–19; J. A. Downie,
Jonathan Swift, Political Writer
(London: Routledge, 1985).

19.
C. Lennart Carlson,
The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman's Magazine
(Providence, RI: Brown, 1938); Sullivan,
British Literary Magazines
, pp. 136–40.

20.
P. J. Buijnsters,
Spectoriale geschriften
(Utrecht: HES, 1991); idem, ‘Bibliographie des périodiques rédigés selon le modèle des Spectateurs’, in Marianne Couperus (ed.),
L'étude des périodiques anciens. Colloque d'Utrecht
(Paris: Nizet, 1972), pp. 111–20; Dorothée Sturkenboom,
Spectators van de hartstocht: sekte en emotionele cultuur in de achttiende eeuw
(Hilversum: Verloren, 1998).

21.
Sgard, ‘Multiplication des périodiques’, p. 204.

22.
Quoted Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘The Business of Political Enlightenment in France, 1770–1800’, in John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds),
Consumption and the World of Goods
(London: Routledge, 1993), p. 413.

23.
Sgard, ‘Multiplication des périodiques’, p. 200.

24.
Robert Darnton,
The Forbidden Bestsellers of Pre-Revolutionary France
(New York: Norton, 1995).

25.
Berry,
Gender, Society and Print Culture
; Bertha-Monica Stearns, ‘The First English Periodical for Women’,
Modern Philology
, 28 (1930–1), pp. 45–59; Sommerville,
News Revolution
, p. 105.

26.
Kathryn Shevelow,
Women and Print Culture: The Construction of Femininity in the Early Periodical
(London: Routledge, 1989).

27.
Ibid., p. 149.

28.
Olwen Hufton,
The Prospect before Her: A History of Women in Western Europe, 1500–1800
(London: HarperCollins, 1995), p. 455.

29.
Censer,
French Press in the Age of Enlightenment
, pp. 88, 99.

30.
Susan Broomhall,
Women and the Print Trade in Sixteenth-Century France
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002); Jef Tombeur,
Femmes & metiers du livre
(Soignies: Talus d'approche, 2004); Maureen Bell, ‘Women in the English Book Trade, 1557–1700’,
Leipziger Jahrbuch
, 6 (1996); Helen Smith,
’Grossly Material Things’: Women and Book Production in Early Modern England
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

31.
Wolfgang Behringer,
Thurn und Taxis. Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen
(Munich: Piper, 1990), pp. 87–90; Nadine Akkerman, ‘The Postmistress, the Diplomat and a Black Chamber?: Alexandrine of Taxis, Sir Balthazar Gerbier and the Power of Postal Control’, in Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox (eds),
Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture
(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 172–88.

32.
For Meyer, see above, Chapter 9.

33.
Below, Chapter 15.

34.
Eliza Haywood,
The Female Spectator
, ed. Gabrielle M. Firmager (Melksham: Bristol Classical Press, 1993); Sullivan,
British Literary Magazines
, pp. 120–3; see also Alison Adburgham,
Women in Print: Writing Women and Women's Magazines from the Restoration to the Accession of Victoria
(London: George Allen & Unwin, 1972); J. Hodges, ‘The Female Spectator’, in Richmond P. Bond (ed.),
Studies in the Early English Periodical
(Westwood, CT: Greenwood Press, 1957), pp. 151–82.

35.
Firmager,
Female Spectator
, p. 10, for the French edition. Finny Bottinga, ‘Eliza Haywood's Female Spectator and its Dutch Translation
De Engelsche Spectatrice
’, in Suzan van Dijk et al. (eds),
’I have heard of you’: Foreign Women's Writing Crossing the Dutch Border
(Hilversum: Verloren, 2004), pp. 217–24.

36.
Female Spectator
, November 1744; Firmager,
Female Spectator
, p. 98.

37.
Ian Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’,
Prose Studies
, 21 (1998), pp. 39–65, here p. 49.

38.
D. Osborne,
Letters to Sir William Temple
, ed. K. Parker (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), p. 116.

39.
Jacqueline Eales,
Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 92–5.

40.
Bertha-Monica Stearns, ‘Early English Periodicals for Ladies (1700–1760)’,
Proceedings of the Modern Languages Association
, 48 (1933), pp. 38–60.

41.
Ibid., p. 57.

42.
Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Political Communication in the German Enlightenment: Gottlob Benedikt von Shirach's
Politische Journal
’,
Eighteenth-Century Life
, 20, no. 1 (February 1996), pp. 24–41.

43.
Ibid., p. 28.

44.
Popkin, ‘The Business of Political Enlightenment’, pp. 414 ff.

45.
Ibid., p. 420.

46.
Suzanne Tucoo-Chala,
Charles-Joseph Panckoucke et la libraire française
(Paris: Éditions Marrimpouey jeune, 1977).

47.
David I. Kulstine, ‘The Ideas of Charles-Joseph Panckoucke’,
French Historical Studies
, 4 (1966), pp. 304–19.

48.
George B. Watts, ‘The Comte de Buffon and his Friend and Publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke’,
Modern Language Quarterly
, 18 (1957), pp. 313–22.

49.
Ibid., p. 314.

50.
See here the interesting analysis of the stock of a major scholarly publisher by Ian Maclean, ‘Murder, Debt and Retribution in the Italico-Franco-Spanish Book Trade’, in his
Learning and the Market Place
(Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp. 227–72.

Chapter 14 In Business

1.
His story is told in Anne Goldger,
Tulipmania: Money, Honor and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 168.