The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (76 page)

1.
Johannes Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung. Gestalt und Entwicklung der deutschen Nachrichtenpresse in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts’,
Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte
, 1 (1999), pp. 23–61, here p. 25.

2.
Karl Heinz Kremer,
Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645. Kaiserlicher und koniglich-schwedischer Postmeister zu Frankfurt am Main
(Bremen: Lumière, 2005); idem, ‘Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645’,
Archiv für deutsche Postgeschichte
(1984), pp. 7–43.

3.
Esther-Beate Körber, ‘Deutschsprachige Flugschriften des Dreissigjährigen Krieges 1618 bis 1629’,
Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte
, 3 (2001), pp. 1–37.

4.
Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung’, p. 25: the victims were described as Herr Slawata, Herr Schmozonsky, and Herr Philip P, Secretarius.

5.
Ibid., p. 29.

6.
Else Bogel and Elgar Blühm,
Die deutschen Zeitungen des 17. Jahrhunderts. Ein Bestandverzeichnis
, 2 vols (Bremen: Schünemann, 1971); Else Bogel and Elgar Bluhm,
Nachtrag
(Munich: Saur, 1985), vol. I, pp. 48–51; II, pp. 50–51.

7.
Johannes Weber, ‘Kontrollmechanismen im deutschen Zeitungswesen des 17. Jahrhunderts’,
Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte
, 6 (2004), pp. 56–73.

8.
See for the following especially John Roger Paas,
The German Political Broadsheet, 1600–1700
, 11 vols (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1985–2012); Elmer A. Beller,
Propaganda during the Thirty Years War
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1940), offers a small selection of the broadsheets, but usefully also has an English translation of the accompanying texts.

9.
Above, Chapter 4.

10.
The classic study is Robert W. Scribner,
For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). For criticism of the implicit argument that the customers were generally from lower social classes than the buyers of pamphlets, see my
Reformation: The Culture of Persuasion
(Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2005), Chapter 5. For examples of effective Catholic use of polemical images in the second half of the sixteenth century, see Andrew Pettegree, ‘Catholic Pamphleteering’, in Alexandra Bamji et al. (eds),
The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2013), pp. 109–26.

11.
Paas,
German Political Broadsheet
, vol. 2, P272–337.

12.
William A. Coupe,
The German Illustrated Broadsheet in the Seventeenth Century: Historical and Iconographical Studies
, 2 vols (Baden Baden: Heintz, 1966).

13.
Beller,
Propaganda
, plate II, pp. 18–20.

14.
Paas,
German Political Broadsheet
, vol. 2, P452–6.

15.
Ibid., vol. 3, P652–9, for this and other representations of the search for Frederick. There were even French and Dutch versions: vol. 3, PA133–9.

16.
Ibid., P784–90.

17.
Ibid., P708–13.

18.
Ibid., P675–6.

19.
Ibid., vol. 1, P23.

20.
W. Lahne,
Magdeburgs Zerstöring in der zeitgenössischen Publizistik
(Magdeburg: Verlag des Magdeburger Geschichtsvereins, 1931). For a shorter treatment in English, see Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell,
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 170–99.

21.
Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung’, pp. 36–7.

22.
Ibid., pp. 38–9.

23.
Paas,
German Political Broadsheet
, vol. 5, P1,336–47.

24.
Lahne,
Magdeburgs Zerstörung
, pp. 147–55; Cunningham and Grell,
Four Horsemen
, p. 182.

25.
For Swedish propaganda, see particularly G. Rystad,
Kriegsnachrichten und Propaganda während des Dreissigjährigen Krieges
(Lund: Gleerup, 1960).

26.
Paas,
German Political Broadshee
t, vol. 5, P1,430–52; Beller,
Propaganda
, plate XI, pp. 30–1, for a reproduction with translation of one of the texts.

27.
Paas,
German Political Broadsheet
, vol. 6, P1,585, 1,587.

28.
Kremer, ‘Johann von den Birghden’, pp. 31–4.

29.
Ibid., pp. 34–9.

30.
Paas,
German Political Broadsheet
, vol. 6, P1,770–8.

31.
Ibid., P1,554–5, 1,614–15.

32.
Ibid., P1,635–6, 1,812.

33.
As for instance in the case of British Library 1750.b.29, a folio of over one hundred items.

34.
Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die frühe Zeitung’, pp. 39–40.

35.
Paas,
German Political Broadsheet
, vol. 7, P2,174–5.

36.
Nadine Akkerman, ‘The Postmistress, the Diplomat and a Black Chamber?: Alexandrine of Taxis, Sir Balthazar Gerbier and the Power of Postal Control’, in Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox (eds),
Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture
(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 172–88.

37.
Above, Chapter 9.

38.
On this period, which has attracted considerable scholarly attention, see particularly Joad Raymond,
Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Jason Peacey,
Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004). Still useful is the older study by Joseph Frank,
The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620–1660
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961).

39.
Caroline Nelson and Matthew Seccombe,
British Newspapers and Periodicals, 1641–1700: A Short-Title Catalogue
(New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1987).

40.
The figures are in John Barnard and Maureen Bell, ‘Statistical Tables’, in Barnard and D. F. McKenzie (eds),
The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Volume IV, 1557–1695
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 779–84; Raymond,
Pamphlets and Pamphleteering
, pp. 202–75.

41.
Jason McElligott, ‘1641’, in Joad Raymond (ed.),
The Oxford History of Popular Print Culture. I: Cheap Print in Britain and Ireland to 1660
(Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 599–608.

42.
Ethan Shagan, ‘Constructing Discord: Ideology, Propaganda and the English Responses to the Irish Rebellion of 1641’,
Journal of British Studies
, 36 (1997), pp. 4–34.

43.
For excerpts from the diurnals, see Joad Raymond,
Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England 1641–1660
(Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush Press, 1993), pp. 35–52.

44.
Sometimes in very large editions. For broadsheet proclamations to be distributed to all the parishes of England in 1649, between nine and twelve thousand copies were ordered from the printers. Angela McShane, ‘Ballads and Broadsides’, in Raymond (ed),
Popular Print Culture
, p. 348.

45.
C. John Sommerville,
The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

46.
Ibid., p. 35.

47.
Raymond,
Making the News
, pp. 92–9. For its principal editor see P. W. Thomas,
Sir John Berkenhead, 1617–1679: A Royalist Career in Politics and Polemics
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).

48.
Sommerville,
News Revolution
, p. 51.

49.
Jason Peacey, ‘The Struggle for Mercurius Britanicus: Factional Politics and the Parliamentarian Press, 1643–6’,
Huntington Library Quarterly
, 68 (2005), pp. 517–43.

50.
Joseph Frank,
Cromwell's Press Agent: A Critical Biography of Marchamont Nedham, 1620–1678
(Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1980). For excerpts from the
Mercurius Britanicus,
see Raymond,
Making the News
, pp. 332–50.

51.
Sommerville,
News Revolution
, p. 40.

52.
Raymond,
Making the News
, pp. 350–74.

53.
Helmer J. Helmers, ‘The Royalist Republic: Literature, Politics and Religion in the Anglo-Dutch Public Sphere (1639–1660)’ (Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden, 2011).

54.
Paas,
German Political Broadsheet
, vol. 8, P2,225–36.

55.
Peacey,
Politicians and Pamphleteers
, pp. 132–54.

56.
Francis F. Madan,
A New Bibliography of the Eikon Basilike
(Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society Publications, III, 1949).

57.
Blair Worden,
Literature and Politics in Cromwellian England: John Milton, Andrew Marvell, Marchamont Nedham
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); idem, ‘Marchamont Nedham and the Beginnings of English Republicanism, 1649–1656’, in David Wootton (ed.),
Republicanism, Liberty and Commercial Society, 1649–1776
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 45–81.

58.
Jason Peacey, ‘Cromwellian England: A Propaganda State?’,
History
, 91 (2006), pp. 176–99; Raymond,
Making the News
, pp. 364–79.

59.
The best modern study is Jonathan Israel,
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

60.
Folke Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the First Dutch and French Corantos’,
Het Boek
, XXV (1939), 3, pp. 185–6.

61.
Helmers, ‘Royalist Republic’.

62.
See below, Chapter 14.

63.
Meredith Hale, ‘Political Martyrs and Popular Prints in the Netherlands in 1672’, in Martin Gosman (ed.),
Selling and Rejecting Politics in Early Modern Europe
(Louvain: Peeters, 2007), pp. 119–34.

64.
Michel Reinders,
Printed Pandemonium: Popular Print and Politics in the Netherlands 1650–72
(Leiden: Brill, 2013).

65.
Above, Chapter 9. Hubert Carrier,
La presse et la Fronde, 1648–1653: Les Mazarinades. I. La conquète de l'opinion.
II.
Les hommes du livre
, 2 vols (Geneva: Droz, 1989–91).

Chapter 11 Storm in a Coffee Cup

1.
Maximillian E. Novak,
Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 289–328.

2.
Craig Calhoun (ed.),
Habermas and the Public Sphere
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Nick Crossley and John Michael Roberts,
After Habermas: New Perspectives on the Public Sphere
(Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).

3.
Aytoun Ellis,
The Penny Universities: A History of the Coffee-House
(London: Secker & Warburg, 1956); Heinrich Jacob,
Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity
(London, 1935; reprinted Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books, 1998); Brian Cowan,
The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); Steve Pincus, ‘Coffee Politicians Does Create: Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture’,
Journal of Modern History
, 67 (1995), pp. 807–34; Mark Knights,
Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

4.
Gilles Feyel,
L'annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d'information en France sous l'ancien régime (1630–1788)
(Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000).

5.
Peter Burke,
The Fabrication of Louis XIV
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).